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All civilizations
2804 polities from 5000 BC to the present, grouped by region.
Each page shows the territory, timeline and curated reading for one civilization —
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Abashevo culture 2200 BC–1850 BC Achaean League 280 BC–146 BC Aedui 400 BC–52 BC Aesti 100 BC–700 Aetolian League 370 BC–167 BC Al-Andalus 711–1031 Alans 50–370 Albania 1991–now Albanian Kingdom (German client, 1943-1944) 1943–1944 Alemanni 213–496 Allied-occupied Austria 1945–1955 Allied-occupied Germany 1945–1949 Allied-occupied Iceland 1940–1945 Ancient Estonia (pre-state) 3000 BC–1227 Andorra 1993–now Angevin Empire 1154–1214 Angles (continental homeland) 100–450 Anhalt 1603–1918 Antes 518–602 Antigonid Kingdom (Macedonia) 306 BC–168 BC Apennine culture 1800 BC–1150 BC Aquitani 300 BC–28 BC Arianiti domain 1427–1462 Arverni 300 BC–52 BC Astrakhan Khanate 1466–1556 Astures 300 BC–100 Atlantic Bronze Age 1300 BC–700 BC Austrasia 511–751 Austria 1955–now Austria-Hungary 1867–1918 Austrian Empire 1804–1867 Avar Khaganate 567–822 Baden Culture 3520 BC–2690 BC Balts (Baltic peoples, pre-state) 1000 BC–800 Bastarnae 230 BC–300 Batavi 50 BC–300 Batavian Republic 1795–1806 Belarus 1991–now Belgae 300 BC–53 BC Belgium 1830–now Bell Beaker culture 2800 BC–1800 BC Bodrogkeresztúr Culture 4000 BC–3600 BC Boian Culture 4300 BC–3500 BC Boii 400 BC–1 Bosnia and Herzegovina 1992–now Bosporan Kingdom 438 BC–370 Bourbon Restoration (France) 1815–1830 Brigantes 100 BC–155 Britannic Empire (Carausian Revolt) 286–296 Bructeri 12 BC–400 Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (Duchy of Brunswick from 1815) 1269–1918 Bruttii (Bruttians) 356 BC–132 BC Bulgaria 1990–now Burgundians 278–534 Buri 98–183 Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic 1919–1991 Caledonians 100 BC–297 Cantabri 300 BC–100 Carantania 658–828 Cardium Pottery / Cardial (Impressed Ware) Culture 6400 BC–4500 BC Carolingian Empire 800–843 Carpatho-Ukraine 1938–1939 Carpi 140–318 Castellieri culture 1800 BC–250 BC Castro Culture 900 BC–19 BC Catacomb culture 2500 BC–1950 BC Catuvellauni 100 BC–43 Celtiberians 300 BC–133 BC Celtic Britons 800 BC–500 Cernavodă Culture 4000 BC–3200 BC Chasséen Culture 4500 BC–3500 BC Chatti 100 BC–300 Chauci 100 BC–300 Chechen Republic of Ichkeria 1991–2000 Cherusci 100 BC–100 Cimbri and Teutones 120 BC–101 BC Cisalpine Republic 1797–1802 Commonwealth of England 1649–1660 Confederation of the Rhine 1806–1813 Congress Poland (Kingdom of Poland, 1815) 1815–1830 Corded Ware culture 2900 BC–2300 BC Corsican Republic 1755–1769 Cortaillod Culture 4300 BC–3500 BC Cossack Hetmanate 1648–1764 Costoboci 100–180 Cotini 9–250 Coțofeni Culture 3500 BC–2500 BC County of Barcelona 801–1164 County of Edessa 1098–1150 County of Flanders 866–1795 County of Holland 880–1795 County of Portugal 868–1139 County of Savoy 1003–1416 County of Sicily 1071–1130 County of Toulouse 778–1271 County of Tripoli 1102–1289 Crimean Khanate 1441–1783 Croatia 1991–now Crown of Aragon 1137–1515 Cucuteni-Trypillia Culture 5000 BC–2600 BC Cycladic Civilization 3200 BC–2000 BC Cyprus 1960–now Czech Republic 1993–now Czechoslovakia 1918–1992 Dacian Kingdom (Burebista-Decebalus) 82 BC–106 Dacians and Getae (early / pre-state) 700 BC–600 BC Dál Riata 498–850 Danelaw 865–954 Danes (tribe) 500–900 Daunians 900 BC–300 BC Denmark 1849–now Denmark–Norway 1536–1814 Despotate of Epirus 1205–1479 Despotate of the Morea 1349–1460 Deverel–Rimbury culture 1400 BC–1200 BC Dimini Culture 4800 BC–4300 BC Dnieper–Donets Culture 5000 BC–4200 BC Donetsk People's Republic 2014–2022 Duchy of Amalfi 839–1137 Duchy of Apulia and Calabria 1043–1130 Duchy of Aquitaine (independent duchy, 7th-8th c.) 670–769 Duchy of Athens 1205–1458 Duchy of Austria 1156–1453 Duchy of Bavaria 907–1623 Duchy of Benevento 570–1081 Duchy of Bohemia 870–1198 Duchy of Brabant 1183–1795 Duchy of Brittany 939–1532 Duchy of Burgundy 880–1477 Duchy of Carinthia 976–1806 Duchy of Courland and Semigallia 1561–1795 Duchy of Croatia 700–925 Duchy of Ferrara 1264–1597 Duchy of Franconia 906–1168 Duchy of Friuli 568–776 Duchy of Holstein 1474–1866 Duchy of Livonia (Polish Livonia) 1561–1621 Duchy of Lorraine 959–1766 Duchy of Mantua 1530–1797 Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin 1701–1815 Duchy of Milan 1395–1797 Duchy of Modena and Reggio 1452–1859 Duchy of Nassau 1806–1866 Duchy of Normandy 911–1204 Duchy of Oldenburg 1774–1871 Duchy of Parma and Piacenza 1545–1859 Duchy of Poland (Piast) 960–1025 Duchy of Prussia 1525–1701 Duchy of Savoy 1416–1719 Duchy of Saxony 804–1296 Duchy of Schleswig 1232–1866 Duchy of Spoleto 570–1203 Duchy of Styria 1180–1806 Duchy of Swabia 915–1268 Duchy of Urbino 1443–1631 Duchy of Vasconia (Gascony) 602–1453 Duchy of Warsaw 1807–1815 Duchy of Württemberg 1495–1803 Dumnonia 410–875 Dutch Republic 1581–1795 Earldom of Orkney 875–1472 Early Helladic Greece 3200 BC–2000 BC East Germany 1949–1990 El Argar 2200 BC–1550 BC Electoral Palatinate 1085–1803 Electorate of Bavaria 1623–1806 Electorate of Cologne 953–1803 Electorate of Hanover 1692–1814 Electorate of Hesse 1803–1866 Electorate of Mainz 780–1803 Electorate of Saxony 1356–1806 Electorate of Trier 898–1801 Elymians 1200 BC–250 BC Emirate of Granada 1230–1492 Emirate of Sicily 831–1091 Empire of Nicaea 1204–1261 Empire of Trebizond 1204–1461 Epirus (ancient kingdom/koinon) 370 BC–167 BC Ertebølle Culture 5400 BC–3950 BC Estado Novo (Portugal) 1926–1974 Estonia 1918–now Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic 1940–1991 Etruscan Civilization 900 BC–27 BC European Union Exarchate of Ravenna 584–751 Faroe Islands 1948–now Fatyanovo–Balanovo culture 2900 BC–2050 BC Federal State of Austria 1934–1938 Finland 1917–now Finnic peoples (pre-state) 1000 BC–800 First Austrian Republic 1919–1934 First Bulgarian Empire 681–1018 First French Empire 1804–1815 First French Republic 1792–1804 First Portuguese Republic 1910–1926 First Spanish Republic 1873–1874 France 1958–now Francoist Spain (Spanish State) 1939–1975 Free City of Cracow 1815–1846 Free City of Danzig 1920–1939 Free France / Provisional Government of the French Republic 1944–1946 Free Imperial City of Augsburg 1276–1806 Free Imperial City of Bremen 1186–1871 Free Imperial City of Frankfurt am Main 1372–1866 Free Imperial City of Hamburg 1189–1871 Free Imperial City of Lübeck 1226–1871 Free Imperial City of Nuremberg 1219–1806 Free State of Fiume 1920–1924 French Fourth Republic 1946–1958 French Second Republic 1848–1852 French Third Republic 1870–1940 Frisian Kingdom 600–734 Frisii 200 BC–296 Funnelbeaker Culture (TRB) 4100 BC–2800 BC Gaelic Ireland 400–1542 Gallic Empire (Imperium Galliarum) 260–274 Gaudo Culture 3150 BC–2300 BC Gauls 500 BC–52 BC Geats 200 BC–1100 General Government 1939–1945 Gepids 260–567 German Confederation 1815–1866 German Empire 1871–1918 German Military Administration in France (zone occupée) 1940–1944 German-occupied Denmark 1940–1945 German-Occupied Serbia (Nedic Government) 1941–1944 Germany 1949–now Globular Amphora Culture 3400 BC–2800 BC Golasecca Culture 900 BC–400 BC Goths (Wielbark/Chernyakhov, Vistula-Pontic steppe) 1–375 Grand Duchy of Baden 1806–1918 Grand Duchy of Hesse 1806–1918 Grand Duchy of Lithuania 1236–1795 Grand Duchy of Tuscany 1569–1860 Grand Principality of Moscow (Muscovy) 1263–1547 Grand Principality of Serbia 1091–1217 Great Moravia 833–907 Greece 1974–now Greek Dark Ages 1180 BC–800 BC Greuthungi 360–400 Gumelnița Culture 4700 BC–3950 BC Habsburg Monarchy 1526–1804 Habsburg Spain 1516–1700 Hallstatt Culture 800 BC–451 BC Hamangia Culture 5250 BC–4500 BC Hanseatic League 1241–1669 Hellenic State (Axis-occupied Greece) 1941–1944 Helvetic Republic 1798–1803 Helvetii 200 BC–58 BC Hermunduri 7 BC–300 Heruli 250–560 Hilversum culture 1800 BC–1200 BC Holy Roman Empire 962–1806 Horgen Culture 3500 BC–2850 BC Hospitaller Malta 1530–1798 Hospitaller Rhodes 1310–1522 Hungarian People's Republic 1949–1989 Hungary 1989–now Hunnic Empire 370–469 Hwicce 577–780 Iazyges 200 BC–175 Iberians (Levantine/coastal culture) 800 BC–19 BC Iceland 1944–now Icelandic Commonwealth 930–1262 Iceni 100 BC–61 Illyrians (early / pre-state) 1000 BC–600 BC Independent State of Croatia (NDH) 1941–1945 Inflanty Voivodeship 1621–1772 Insubres 600 BC–197 BC Ireland 1922–now Iron Age Ireland (pre-Gaelic historical record) 600 BC–400 Iron Age Scandinavia (pre-state petty chiefdoms) 500 BC–700 Italian Governorate of Montenegro 1941–1944 Italian Islands of the Aegean (Dodecanese) 1912–1947 Italian Social Republic (Republic of Salò) 1943–1945 Italian-occupied France 1940–1943 Italy 1946–now Jastorf Culture 600 BC–1 BC July Monarchy 1830–1848 Jutes (continental homeland) 1–450 Juthungi 259–430 Kalmar Union 1397–1523 Kalmyk Khanate 1630–1771 Karanovo Culture 6200 BC–4000 BC Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic 1940–1956 Khanate of Kazan 1438–1552 Khvalynsk Culture 4900 BC–3500 BC Kiev culture 200–500 Kievan Rus' 882–1240 Kingdom of Abkhazia 780–1008 Kingdom of Albania 1928–1942 Kingdom of Albania (Angevin) 1272–1368 Kingdom of Albania (Italian personal union) 1939–1943 Kingdom of Aragon 1035–1136 Kingdom of Asturias 718–910 Kingdom of Bavaria 1806–1918 Kingdom of Bernicia 547–634 Kingdom of Bohemia 1198–1918 Kingdom of Bosnia 1377–1463 Kingdom of Brittany 851–939 Kingdom of Burgundy (Arles) 933–1032 Kingdom of Castile 1065–1515 Kingdom of Croatia (medieval) 925–1102 Kingdom of Cyprus 1192–1489 Kingdom of Deira 560–655 Kingdom of Denmark (early medieval) 936–1397 Kingdom of Dublin (Norse) 853–1170 Kingdom of Dyfed 410–920 Kingdom of East Anglia 571–918 Kingdom of East Francia 843–962 Kingdom of Elmet (Elfed) 450–627 Kingdom of England 927–1707 Kingdom of Essex 527–825 Kingdom of France 987–1792 Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria 1772–1918 Kingdom of Galicia-Volhynia 1199–1349 Kingdom of Georgia 1008–1490 Kingdom of Great Britain 1707–1800 Kingdom of Greece 1832–1973 Kingdom of Gwynedd 500–1283 Kingdom of Hanover 1814–1866 Kingdom of Holland 1806–1810 Kingdom of Hungary 1000–1918 Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946) 1920–1946 Kingdom of Iceland 1918–1944 Kingdom of Imereti 1463–1810 Kingdom of Ireland 1542–1800 Kingdom of Italy 1861–1946 Kingdom of Italy (Carolingian) 781–962 Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic) 1805–1814 Kingdom of Jerusalem 1099–1291 Kingdom of Jorvik (Scandinavian York) 866–954 Kingdom of Kakheti 1490–1762 Kingdom of Kartli 1490–1762 Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti 1762–1801 Kingdom of Kent 450–871 Kingdom of León 910–1230 Kingdom of Lindsey 600–700 Kingdom of Macedon 808 BC–168 BC Kingdom of Majorca 1276–1344 Kingdom of Mercia 527–918 Kingdom of Montenegro 1910–1918 Kingdom of Naples 1282–1816 Kingdom of Navarre 824–1620 Kingdom of Noricum 300 BC–16 BC Kingdom of Northumbria 653–954 Kingdom of Norway (872-1397) 872–1397 Kingdom of Odoacer 476–493 Kingdom of Poland 1025–1569 Kingdom of Portugal 1139–1910 Kingdom of Powys 450–1160 Kingdom of Provence (Lower Burgundy) 879–933 Kingdom of Prussia 1701–1871 Kingdom of Rheged 500–652 Kingdom of Romania 1881–1947 Kingdom of Sardinia 1720–1861 Kingdom of Saxony 1806–1918 Kingdom of Scotland 843–1707 Kingdom of Serbia 1882–1918 Kingdom of Serbia (Nemanjić) 1217–1346 Kingdom of Sicily 1130–1816 Kingdom of Soissons 461–486 Kingdom of Spain (Bourbon era) 1700–1873 Kingdom of Strathclyde (Alt Clut) 410–1058 Kingdom of Sussex 477–825 Kingdom of Sweden (early medieval) 800–1521 Kingdom of Syracuse 734 BC–212 BC Kingdom of the Ardiaei 260 BC–168 BC Kingdom of the Burgundians 411–534 Kingdom of the Isles 900–1266 Kingdom of the Lombards 568–774 Kingdom of the Suebi 409–585 Kingdom of the Thuringii 450–531 Kingdom of the Two Sicilies 1816–1861 Kingdom of Thessalonica 1204–1224 Kingdom of Wessex 519–927 Kingdom of West Francia 843–987 Kingdom of Westphalia 1807–1813 Kingdom of Württemberg 1806–1918 Kingdom of Yugoslavia 1918–1941 Klaipėda Region (Memel Territory) 1920–1939 Kosovo 2008–now Kutrigurs 500–600 La Tène Culture 450 BC–15 Lacringi 166–180 Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt 1567–1806 Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel 1567–1803 Latial Culture 1000 BC–700 BC Latin Empire of Constantinople 1204–1261 Latin League 700 BC–338 BC Latvia 1918–now Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic 1940–1991 League of Lezhë 1444–1479 Lengyel Culture 5000 BC–4000 BC Liburnians 1000 BC–33 BC Ligures (Ligurians) 700 BC–180 BC Ligurian Republic 1797–1805 Linear Pottery Culture (LBK) 5500 BC–4500 BC Lithuania 1918–now Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic 1940–1991 Livonian Order 1237–1561 Lombards (early tribal phase, Lower Elbe) 1–200 Lordship of Ireland 1177–1542 Los Millares 3200 BC–2200 BC Lotharingia 855–961 Lucanians 450 BC–89 BC Luhansk People's Republic 2014–2022 Lusatian Culture 1300 BC–500 BC Lusitanians 300 BC–139 BC Lutici (Veleti) Federation 950–1168 Luxembourg 1839–now Maeatae 180–213 Magonsæte 660–800 Malta 1964–now Marcomanni 9 BC–400 Margraviate of Austria 976–1156 Margraviate of Brandenburg 1157–1806 Margraviate of Brandenburg-Ansbach 1398–1791 Margraviate of Brandenburg-Bayreuth 1398–1791 Massalia 600 BC–49 BC Maykop Culture 3700 BC–3000 BC Merovingian Francia 481–751 Messapians 700 BC–200 BC Michelsberg Culture 4400 BC–3500 BC Middle Dnieper culture 2500 BC–1800 BC Middle Francia 843–855 Middle Helladic Greece 2000 BC–1550 BC Military Administration in Belgium and Northern France 1940–1944 Minoan Civilization 3000 BC–1100 BC Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic 1940–1991 Moldova 1991–now Monaco 1297–now Mondsee group 3800 BC–2800 BC Montenegro 2006–now Monteoru culture 2400 BC–1500 BC Moravian Serbia 1371–1402 Mycenaean Greece 1600 BC–1100 BC Nagyrév culture 2300 BC–1900 BC Naristi (Varisci) 98–180 Nazi Germany 1933–1945 Nervii 300 BC–57 BC Netherlands 1815–now Neustria 511–751 Nordic Bronze Age 1700 BC–500 BC North German Confederation 1867–1871 North Macedonia 1991–now North Sea Empire (Cnut) 1016–1042 Northern Cyprus (Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus) 1974–now Norway 1905–now Noua culture 1600 BC–1200 BC Novgorod (Ilmen) Slavs 700–882 Novgorod Republic 1136–1478 Nuragic Civilization 1800 BC–238 BC Obotrite Confederation 700–1160 Odrysian Kingdom 480 BC–46 Oksywie Culture 200 BC–100 Old Great Bulgaria 632–668 Old Saxony (continental Saxons, pre-Frankish conquest) 300–804 Old Swiss Confederacy 1291–1798 Osi 98–200 Ostrogothic Kingdom 493–553 Otomani–Füzesabony culture 2100 BC–1400 BC Ozieri Culture 4200 BC–2800 BC Paeonians 700 BC–600 BC Papal States 754–1870 Pechenegs 860–1091 People's Republic of Bulgaria 1946–1990 People's Socialist Republic of Albania 1945–1991 Petty kingdoms of Norway 200–872 Pfyn Culture 4300 BC–3500 BC Picentes (Piceni) 900 BC–269 BC Picts 297–843 Polada culture 2200 BC–1500 BC Poland 1989–now Polis of Athens 508 BC–322 BC Polis of Corinth 900 BC–146 BC Polis of Sparta (Lacedaemon) 900 BC–192 BC Polis of Thebes (Boeotia) 700 BC–335 BC Polish People's Republic 1945–1988 Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 1569–1795 Poltavka culture 2800 BC–2100 BC Pomeranian Culture (Face-Urn Culture) 650 BC–150 BC Pomeranians (early Slavic duchies) 900–1121 Portugal 1974–now Prince-Abbey of Fulda 1220–1803 Prince-Archbishopric of Salzburg 1328–1803 Prince-Bishopric of Bamberg 1245–1803 Prince-Bishopric of Liège 985–1795 Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro 1516–1852 Prince-Bishopric of Münster 1180–1803 Prince-Bishopric of Osnabrück 1225–1803 Prince-Bishopric of Passau 1217–1803 Prince-Bishopric of Würzburg 1168–1803 Princely County of Tyrol 1140–1806 Principality of Abkhazia 1463–1864 Principality of Achaea 1205–1432 Principality of Albania 1914–1925 Principality of Albania (Thopia) 1359–1415 Principality of Antioch 1098–1268 Principality of Bulgaria 1878–1908 Principality of Chernigov 1024–1402 Principality of Galicia (Halych) 1141–1199 Principality of Guria 1463–1829 Principality of Hungary 895–1000 Principality of Iberia 580–888 Principality of Liechtenstein 1806–now Principality of Lippe (County of Lippe to 1789) 1528–1918 Principality of Mataranga 1358–1367 Principality of Mingrelia (Samegrelo / Odishi) 1557–1867 Principality of Moldavia 1346–1859 Principality of Montenegro 1852–1910 Principality of Muzaka (Lordship of Berat) 1279–1450 Principality of Pereyaslavl 992–1239 Principality of Polotsk 862–1307 Principality of Ryazan 1129–1521 Principality of Serbia 1815–1882 Principality of Serbia (early medieval, Vlastimirović) 768–969 Principality of Smolensk 1125–1404 Principality of Svaneti 1490–1858 Principality of Transylvania 1570–1711 Principality of Tver 1246–1485 Principality of Waldeck and Pyrmont (County of Waldeck to 1712) 1180–1918 Principality of Wallachia 1310–1859 Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia 1939–1945 Provisional Government of Albania 1912–1914 Przeworsk Culture 300 BC–450 Quadi 100 BC–400 Reichskommissariat Niederlande 1940–1945 Reichskommissariat Norwegen 1940–1945 Reichskommissariat Ostland 1941–1945 Reichskommissariat Ukraine 1941–1944 Remedello Culture 3400 BC–2400 BC Republic of Florence 1115–1532 Republic of Geneva 1534–1798 Republic of Genoa 1005–1797 Republic of Lucca 1160–1805 Republic of Pisa 1000–1406 Republic of Ragusa 1358–1808 Republic of Venice 697–1797 Restoration Spain (1898-1931) 1874–1931 Reuss (Elder and Younger Lines) 1564–1918 Rinaldone Culture 3700 BC–2100 BC Roman Empire (unified) 27 BC–395 Roman Kingdom 753 BC–509 BC Roman Republic 509 BC–27 BC Romania 1989–now Rössen Culture 4600 BC–4300 BC Roxolani 200 BC–300 Rugii 100–487 Russia (Russian Federation) 1991–now Russian Empire 1721–1917 Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) 1917–1991 Russian-occupied Ukraine 2014–now Rzucewo culture (Bay Coast / Chełmno group) 2900 BC–2300 BC Salian Franks 250–481 Samara Culture 5000 BC–4500 BC Sami people 1500 BC–now Samnites 500 BC–82 BC Samo's Realm (Samo's Empire) 631–658 San Marino 1600–now Sarmatians 500 BC–370 Saxe-Altenburg 1826–1918 Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 1826–1918 Saxe-Meiningen 1681–1918 Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach 1572–1918 Schwarzburg (Sondershausen and Rudolstadt) 1599–1918 Sciri 230 BC–469 Sclaveni 500–700 Scordisci 279 BC–15 BC Second Bulgarian Empire 1185–1396 Second French Empire 1852–1870 Second Hellenic Republic 1924–1935 Second Hungarian Republic 1946–1949 Second Polish Republic 1918–1939 Second Spanish Republic 1931–1939 Semnones 5–200 Sequani 300 BC–52 BC Serbia 2006–now Serbia and Montenegro (Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, 1992-2003) 1992–2006 Serbian Despotate 1402–1459 Serbian Empire 1346–1371 Sesklo Culture 6850 BC–5000 BC Sicani 1100 BC–300 BC Sicels (Siculi) 1200 BC–440 BC Silures 100 BC–78 Slovak Republic (First) 1939–1945 Slovakia 1993–now Slovenia 1991–now Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia 1945–1992 Socialist Republic of Romania 1947–1989 Somogyvár-Vinkovci culture 2300 BC–1600 BC Sorbs (early medieval tribal confederation) 631–950 Soviet Union 1922–1991 Spain 1975–now Spain under Joseph Bonaparte 1808–1813 Spanish Netherlands 1556–1714 Sredny Stog Culture 4500 BC–3500 BC Starčevo Culture 6200 BC–4500 BC Stroke-Ornamented Ware Culture (Stichbandkeramik) 4900 BC–4400 BC Suebi (Ariovistus-era confederation) 100 BC–58 BC Sweden 1523–now Swedes (tribe) 500–800 Switzerland 1848–now Taifa kingdoms 1031–1085 Taifali (Taifals) 250–400 Talaiotic culture 1400 BC–123 BC Taras (Tarentum) 706 BC–272 BC Tartessos 900 BC–500 BC Terramare Culture 1700 BC–1150 BC Territory of the Saar Basin 1920–1935 Teutonic Order State 1230–1525 Thervingi 291–376 Thracians (early / pre-state) 1000 BC–600 BC Tisza Culture 5400 BC–4400 BC Tiszapolgár Culture 4500 BC–4000 BC Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic 1922–1936 Transnistria (Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic) 1990–now Transnistria Governorate 1941–1944 Trzciniec culture 2400 BC–1300 BC Tsardom of Bulgaria 1908–1946 Tsardom of Russia 1547–1721 Tsardom of Vidin 1356–1396 Tumulus culture 1600 BC–1300 BC Turdetani 600 BC–19 BC Ukraine 1991–now Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic 1919–1991 Umbri 900 BC–260 BC Unetice Culture 2300 BC–1600 BC United Kingdom 1801–now United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia 1859–1881 Urnfield Culture 1300 BC–800 BC Usatove Culture 3650 BC–2740 BC Utigurs 500–600 Vandals (early Roman-era phase, Hasdingi/Silingi) 77–380 Vandals (migration era) 406–429 Varna Culture 4550 BC–4100 BC Vascones 300 BC–400 Vatican City 1929–now Vatya culture 2000 BC–1301 BC Veneti (Adriatic) 900 BC–49 BC Veneti (Armorica) 300 BC–56 BC Vettones 300 BC–133 BC Vichy France 1940–1944 Victohali 161–400 Villanovan Culture 1000 BC–700 BC Vinca Culture 5400 BC–4500 BC Visigothic Kingdom 418–720 Vistula Veneti 1–500 Vladimir-Suzdal (Grand Principality of Vladimir) 1125–1389 Volga Bulgaria 830–1240 Volga Finns (Merya, Muroma, Meshchera) 100 BC–1100 Volsci 500 BC–304 BC Vučedol Culture 3000 BC–2200 BC Wartberg Culture 3500 BC–2800 BC Weimar Republic 1919–1933 Wessex culture 2000 BC–1500 BC Western Roman Empire 395–476 White Croats 700–992 Wietenberg culture 2200 BC–1500 BC Wihtwara (Kingdom of the Isle of Wight) 534–686 Yamnaya Culture 3300 BC–2600 BC Zeta (Balšić–Crnojević principality) 1360–1516
North America
Oceania
South America
Data © Civilizations of the World contributors under
ODbL ·
facts from Wikipedia (CC BY-SA) and Wikidata (CC0).