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All civilizations
2825 polities from 5000 BC to the present, grouped by region.
Each page shows the territory, timeline and curated reading for one civilization —
or explore them all on the interactive map .
Africa 438
Asia 879
Europe 671
North America 492
Oceania 108
South America 237
Africa
Asia
Abbasid Caliphate 750–1258 Abhira dynasty 203–370 Abkhazia (Republic of Abkhazia) 1993–now Abulkhair Khanate (Uzbek Khanate) 1428–1468 Achaemenid Empire 550 BC–335 BC Adab 2600 BC–2300 BC Aden (colony and protectorate) 1839–1967 Adiabene 164 BC–379 Afghanistan 1747–now Afsharid Dynasty 1736–1796 Ahar-Banas culture 3000 BC–1500 BC Ahmadnagar Sultanate 1490–1636 Ahom Kingdom 1228–1826 Ainu 1200–now Ajman tribal confederation 1750–1932 Akkadian Empire 2334 BC–2154 BC Akshak 2500 BC–2300 BC Al Aidh Emirate of Asir 1833–1919 Alalakh (Kingdom of Mukish) 2000 BC–1200 BC Alchon Huns 370–670 Alupa dynasty 200–1444 Alwar State (Naruka Kachwaha) 1775–1948 American Philippines (Insular Government / Commonwealth) 1898–1946 Amri-Nal Culture 3600 BC–3200 BC Anatolian Neolithic (Çatalhöyük, Hacılar, Erbaba, Köşk Höyük) 7500 BC–4750 BC Anau Culture 4000 BC–2800 BC Andronovo Culture 2000 BC–1150 BC Anga Kingdom 1100 BC–500 BC Anizah (ʿAnazah) tribal confederation 1700–1932 Aq Qoyunlu (White Sheep Turkomans) 1378–1503 Aram-Damascus 1100 BC–732 BC Ardalan (Emirate of Ardalan) 1500–1867 Armenia 1991–now Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia 1080–1375 Artuqids 1102–1409 Arzawa 1650 BC–1300 BC Ashikaga Shogunate 1336–1573 Asmaka (Assaka) 700 BC–425 BC Âu Lạc 257 BC–179 BC Avanti Kingdom 700 BC–300 BC Awadh (Oudh) 1722–1856 Awan dynasty 2700 BC–2150 BC Aydinids (Beylik of Aydın) 1300–1426 Ayutthaya Kingdom 1351–1767 Azerbaijan 1991–now Azuchi–Momoyama period (Oda–Toyotomi unification) 1568–1600 Ba (State) 1046 BC–316 BC Baban (Emirate of Baban) 1649–1850 Bactria (early) 1500 BC–600 BC Baekje 18 BC–660 Bagratid Armenia 884–1045 Bahawalpur State (Abbasi Nawabs) 1748–1955 Bahmani Sultanate 1347–1527 Bahrain 1971–now Bahrain and its Dependencies 1783–1971 Baku Khanate 1747–1806 Balhae 698–926 Ban Chiang Culture 1500 BC–200 Bani Khalid Emirate 1669–1796 Banswara State (Sisodia) 1527–1948 Banten Sultanate 1527–1813 Baroda State (Gaekwad) 1721–1949 Bavand dynasty 651–1349 Beixin Culture 5300 BC–4100 BC Bekdom of Hisar 1711–1870 Bekdom of Ura-Tyube 1790–1866 Bengal Sultanate 1352–1576 Berar Sultanate (Imad Shahi) 1490–1574 Beylik of Dulkadir 1337–1522 Beylik of Shahrisabz 1760–1870 Bharatpur State (Jat Kingdom) 1722–1948 Bhauma-Kara dynasty 736–950 Bhutan 1907–now Bhutan (Drukyul theocracy) 1616–1907 Bidar Sultanate (Barid Shahi) 1492–1619 Bijapur Sultanate (Adil Shahi) 1490–1686 Bikaner State (Rathore) 1488–1949 Bilaspur State (Kahlur) 900–1948 Bima Sultanate 1621–1958 Bogd Khanate of Mongolia 1911–1924 Bohtan (Botan) Emirate 1500–1855 British Burma 1937–1948 British Ceylon 1796–1948 British Hong Kong 1841–1997 British Malaya 1826–1957 British North Borneo 1882–1963 British Raj 1858–1947 Brunei 1984–now Bundi State (Hara Chauhan) 1342–1948 Burid Dynasty 1104–1154 Buryats 1200–1689 Butuan (historical polity) 1001–1521 Buyeo 200 BC–494 Buyid Dynasty 934–1062 Byblos (Gebal) 3000 BC–333 BC Byzantine Empire 330–1453 Cambodia 1953–now Candar Dynasty (Isfendiyarids of Kastamonu) 1291–1461 Cao Wei 220–265 Captaincy General of the Philippines 1565–1898 Carchemish 2000 BC–605 BC Caria 1000 BC–334 BC Carnatic Sultanate (Nawabs of Arcot) 1692–1855 Caucasian Albania 150 BC–705 Cemetery H Culture 1900 BC–1300 BC Chach dynasty (Brahmin dynasty of Sindh) 632–712 Chagatai Khanate 1227–1347 Chahamanas of Shakambhari (Chauhans of Ajmer) 551–1192 Chalukyas of Badami 543–753 Chamba State 550–1948 Chandela Dynasty (Chandelas of Jejakabhukti) 831–1315 Characene 141 BC–222 Chaulukya Dynasty (Solanki dynasty of Gujarat) 940–1244 Chedi Kingdom 600 BC–300 BC Chen dynasty 557–589 Cheng-Han 304–347 Chenla 550–802 Chera Kingdom 300 BC–1102 China 1949–now Chinese Communists (Chinese Civil War) 1936–1949 Chobanids (Chupanids) 1335–1357 Chola Dynasty 300 BC–1279 Chouchi (Qiuchi) 300–443 Chu (Ma Chu) 907–951 Chukchi 1000–1778 Cimmerians 1000 BC–600 BC Cishan Culture 6500 BC–5000 BC Colchis 1700 BC–164 BC Company Rule in India 1757–1858 Crown Colony of Sarawak 1946–1963 Dachanghe 902–928 Dai (Tuoba Dai) 310–376 Đại Việt 968–1804 Dali Kingdom 937–1253 Danishmendids 1071–1178 Datianxing 928–929 Daur (Dahur) 1400–1656 Dawenkou Culture 4100 BC–2600 BC Daxi Culture 5000 BC–3300 BC Dayining 929–937 Dayuan (Ferghana) 329 BC–100 BC Delhi Sultanate 1206–1526 Deli Sultanate 1632–1946 Demak Sultanate 1475–1548 Democratic Kampuchea 1975–1979 Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka 1948–now Derbent Khanate 1747–1806 Dewas States (Puar, Senior and Junior branches) 1728–1948 Dhar State (Puar/Pawar) 1728–1948 Dholpur State (Bamraulia Jat) 1806–1948 Dian Kingdom 400 BC–109 BC Dilmun 3200 BC–500 BC Dimasa (Kachari) Kingdom 1500–1832 Đông Sơn Culture 1000 BC–43 Dongye (Eastern Ye) 300 BC–400 Dulafid dynasty 861–897 Dungarpur State (Ahariya Sisodia) 1197–1948 Dutch East India Company (VOC) 1619–1799 Dutch East Indies 1800–1949 Dutch Formosa 1624–1662 Dvaravati 550–1100 Dzungar Khanate 1634–1758 Eastern Chalukyas (Chalukyas of Vengi) 624–1075 Eastern Ganga Dynasty (Imperial period) 1078–1434 Eastern Turkic Khaganate 603–630 Eastern Wei 534–550 Eastern Wu 222–280 Eastern Zhou 771 BC–256 BC Ebla 3000 BC–1600 BC Elam 3200 BC–539 BC Eldiguzids (Atabegs of Azerbaijan) 1136–1225 Elymais 147 BC–224 Emirate of Badakhshan 1657–1873 Emirate of Bukhara 1785–1920 Emirate of Hakkari 1500–1845 Emirate of Jabal Shammar 1836–1921 Emirate of Riyadh / Nejd and Hasa (Third Saudi State, pre-Kingdom) 1902–1932 Emirate of Transjordan 1921–1946 Emishi 650–802 Empire of Japan 1868–1946 Eridu 5000 BC–2000 BC Erivan Khanate 1747–1828 Erligang Culture 1600 BC–1400 BC Erlitou Culture 1900 BC–1500 BC Eshnunna 2000 BC–1762 BC Even (Lamut) 1200–1700 Evenki (Tungus) 500–1650 Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal 2008–now Federation of Malaya (independent, 1957-1963) 1957–1963 First East Turkestan Republic (Turkic Islamic Republic of East Turkestan) 1933–1934 First Saudi State (Emirate of Diriyah) 1727–1818 First Sealand Dynasty 1732 BC–1460 BC Former Liang 320–376 Former Qin 351–394 Former Shu 907–925 Former Yan 337–370 Four Oirat Confederation (Dörben Oirad) 1399–1634 French India 1668–1954 French Indochina 1887–1954 Funan 50–628 Gahadavala Dynasty 1089–1197 Galatia 278 BC–25 BC Ganden Phodrang 1642–1959 Gandhara Grave Culture 1200 BC–800 BC Gandhara Kingdom 600 BC–327 BC Ganja Khanate 1747–1804 Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom 894–1036 Gaochang (kingdom) 460–640 Georgia 1991–now Germiyanids (Beylik of Germiyan) 1300–1429 Ghassanid Kingdom 220–638 Ghassulian 4400 BC–3500 BC Ghaznavid Empire 977–1186 Ghurid Dynasty 1148–1215 Gija Joseon (Kija Chosŏn) 1120 BC–194 BC Goguryeo 37 BC–668 Gojoseon 2333 BC–108 BC Göktürk Khaganate (First Turkic Khaganate) 552–603 Golconda Sultanate (Qutb Shahi) 1518–1687 Golden Horde 1225–1502 Goryeo 918–1392 Guge Kingdom 910–1630 Gujarat Sultanate 1394–1573 Gupta Empire 320–550 Gurjara-Pratihara Dynasty 730–1036 Gutian dynasty of Sumer 2150 BC–2050 BC Gutians 2200 BC–2100 BC Gwalior State (Scindia) 1731–1948 Hacilar 6000 BC–4900 BC Haixi Jurchens (Hulun Confederation) 1409–1619 Hamath 1000 BC–720 BC Hamazi 2500 BC–2200 BC Han Dynasty 206 BC–220 Han-Zhao (Former Zhao) 304–329 Hanthawaddy Kingdom 1287–1552 Harb tribal confederation 1750–1932 Haripuñjaya (Hariphunchai) 661–1292 Harsha's Empire (Vardhana / Pushyabhuti Dynasty) 606–647 Hasmonean Judea (Maccabean Kingdom) 141 BC–37 BC Hattians 2500 BC–2000 BC Hayasa-Azzi 1600 BC–1190 BC Heian Period Japan 794–1185 Helmand culture 3300 BC–2350 BC Hemudu Culture 5500 BC–3300 BC Hephthalite Empire 408–670 Herodian Kingdom of Judea 37 BC–4 BC Himyarite Kingdom 110 BC–525 Hindu Shahis 822–1026 Hittite Empire 1650 BC–1178 BC Hong Kong (SAR) 1997–now Hongshan Culture 4700 BC–2900 BC Hotak Dynasty 1709–1738 Hoysala Kingdom 1026–1343 Hyderabad State 1724–1948 Idrisid Emirate of Asir 1906–1934 Ikshvaku dynasty of Andhra 225–340 Ilkhanate 1256–1335 Imperial State of Iran (Pahlavi) 1925–1979 Indo-Greek Kingdom 200 BC–10 BC Indo-Parthian Kingdom 19–226 Indo-Scythian Kingdom 85 BC–10 BC Indonesia 1945–now Indore State (Holkar) 1731–1948 Indus Valley Civilisation 3300 BC–1300 BC Iran (Islamic Republic of Iran) 1979–now Iraq 1932–now Isin (First Dynasty) 2017 BC–1794 BC Islamic Republic of Pakistan 1947–now Israel 1948–now Itelmen (Kamchadal) 1000–1742 Jabrids 1401–1521 Jaintia Kingdom 1500–1835 Jalayirid Sultanate 1335–1432 Jambi Sultanate 1615–1904 Janjira State 1489–1948 Jaora State 1818–1948 Japan 1947–now Japanese-occupied British Borneo 1941–1945 Japanese-occupied Burma (Military Administration) 1942–1942 Japanese-occupied Dutch East Indies 1942–1945 Japanese-occupied Hong Kong 1941–1945 Japanese-occupied Malaya 1942–1945 Japanese-occupied Philippines (Military Administration) 1942–1942 Jaunpur Sultanate 1394–1479 Jeitun Culture 7200 BC–4500 BC Jemdet Nasr Period 3100 BC–2900 BC Jeulmun Pottery Period 5000 BC–1500 BC Jianzhou Jurchens 1388–1616 Jin Dynasty (265–420) 265–420 Jin Dynasty (Jurchen, 1115–1234) 1115–1234 Jingnan (Nanping) 924–963 Jiroft culture 3000 BC–2200 BC Johor Sultanate 1528–1946 Jōmon Period (Japan) 5000 BC–300 BC Jordan 1946–now Jorwe Culture 1400 BC–700 BC Joseon 1392–1897 Junior Jüz (Kishi Jüz / Lesser Horde) 1715–1824 Kadamba Dynasty 345–525 Kakatiya Dynasty 1163–1323 Kakuyid dynasty 1008–1141 Kalabhra dynasty 250–575 Kalachuris of Kalyani (Southern Kalachuris) 1156–1183 Kalachuris of Mahishmati (Early Kalachuris) 550–625 Kalachuris of Tripuri (Later Kalachuris / Kalachuris of Chedi) 675–1212 Kalhora Dynasty (Sindh) 1701–1783 Kamakura Shogunate 1185–1333 Kamarupa 350–1140 Kamboja Kingdom 600 BC–400 BC Kangju 200 BC–400 Kangra State (Katoch dynasty) 1009–1828 Kanva Dynasty 73 BC–28 BC Kara-Khanid Khanate 840–1212 Karabakh Khanate 1748–1822 Karamanids (Beylik of Karaman) 1250–1487 Karasahr (Yanqi) 176 BC–658 Karasuk Culture 1500 BC–800 BC Karauli State (Jadon/Yaduvanshi) 1348–1948 Karkota dynasty 625–855 Kart Dynasty (Kartids of Herat) 1244–1381 Kashi Kingdom 1000 BC–600 BC Kaskians 1500 BC–1200 BC Kassite Babylonia 1595 BC–1155 BC Kathiri Sultanate (Hadhramaut) 1395–1967 Kaya confederacy 42–562 Kazakh Khanate 1465–1847 Kazakhstan 1991–now Kedah Sultanate 1136–now Kediri Kingdom 1045–1221 Kelantan Sultanate (House of Long Yunus) 1764–now Kelteminar Culture 5500 BC–3500 BC Keraite Khanate (Kereyid) 1125–1203 Ket (Yenisei Ostyak) 700–1607 Khairpur (Talpur Mirs) 1786–1955 Khalkha Mongols (Three Khans) 1554–1691 Khamag Mongol 1131–1206 Khanate of Bukhara 1501–1785 Khanate of Kalat 1638–1955 Khanate of Khiva 1511–1920 Khanate of Kokand 1709–1876 Khanate of Kunduz 1800–1859 Khanate of Maimana 1747–1892 Khanate of Maku 1747–1829 Khanate of Sibir 1490–1598 Khanty (Ostyak) 800–1600 Khazar Khaganate 650–969 Khmer Empire 802–1431 Khoja Regime of Altishahr (Afaqi Khojas of Kashgaria) 1680–1759 Khoshut Khanate 1642–1724 Khoy Khanate (Principality of Donboli) 1500–1799 Khwarazmian Empire 1077–1231 Kidarites 320–467 Kingdom of Amber and Jaipur (Kachwaha) 1128–1949 Kingdom of Ammon 900 BC–580 BC Kingdom of Anuradhapura 377 BC–1017 Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity) 331 BC–428 Kingdom of Ava 1364–1555 Kingdom of Awsan 800 BC–700 BC Kingdom of Bithynia 297 BC–74 BC Kingdom of Buleleng 1660–1849 Kingdom of Cambodia (Longvek period) 1528–1594 Kingdom of Cambodia (Oudong period) 1618–1863 Kingdom of Cappadocia 331 BC–17 Kingdom of Chakla (Chala) 1407–1911 Kingdom of Champa 192–1832 Kingdom of Champasak 1713–1904 Kingdom of Cochin (Perumpadappu Swaroopam) 1102–1949 Kingdom of Commagene 163 BC–72 Kingdom of Derge 1446–1908 Kingdom of Edom 1200 BC–553 BC Kingdom of Garhwal (Panwar dynasty) 1358–1804 Kingdom of Gauda 350–636 Kingdom of Gelgel 1380–1686 Kingdom of Hadramaut 900 BC–290 Kingdom of Hatra 100–241 Kingdom of Hejaz 1916–1925 Kingdom of Iberia (Caucasian Iberia) 302 BC–580 Kingdom of Israel / Kingdom of Judah 1050 BC–586 BC Kingdom of Jaisalmer (Bhati) 1156–1949 Kingdom of Kandy 1469–1815 Kingdom of Karangasem 1650–1908 Kingdom of Khotan 200 BC–1006 Kingdom of Kinda 200–550 Kingdom of Klungkung 1686–1908 Kingdom of Ladakh (Namgyal dynasty) 1460–1842 Kingdom of Larantuka 1600–1904 Kingdom of Lazica 131–697 Kingdom of Lo (Mustang) 1380–1795 Kingdom of Luang Phrabang 1707–1893 Kingdom of Luwu 1300–1946 Kingdom of Manipur (Meitei) 1110–1949 Kingdom of Marwar (Jodhpur) 1243–1949 Kingdom of Mengwi 1700–1891 Kingdom of Mewar (Udaipur) 1326–1949 Kingdom of Moab 1300 BC–553 BC Kingdom of Mrauk-U (Arakan) 1429–1785 Kingdom of Mysore 1399–1950 Kingdom of Nagpur (Bhonsle) 1743–1853 Kingdom of Nangchen 1300–1955 Kingdom of Nepal 1768–2007 Kingdom of Pergamon 282 BC–133 BC Kingdom of Polonnaruwa 1017–1310 Kingdom of Pontus 281 BC–63 BC Kingdom of Qataban 600 BC–50 Kingdom of Saba (Sheba) 900 BC–275 Kingdom of Sikkim 1642–1975 Kingdom of Travancore 1729–1949 Kingdom of Tungning 1661–1683 Kingdom of Vientiane 1707–1828 Kish 2900 BC–2300 BC Kishangarh State (Rathore) 1611–1948 Kizzuwatna 1650 BC–1400 BC Koch Kingdom (Cooch Behar) 1515–1949 Kolhapur State 1710–1949 Konbaung Dynasty 1752–1885 Korea under Japanese rule (Choseon) 1910–1945 Korean Empire 1897–1910 Koryak 1000–1758 Kosala Kingdom 600 BC–321 BC Kot Diji Culture 3300 BC–2800 BC Kota State (Hara Chauhan) 1631–1948 Kucha 176 BC–1000 Kumaon Kingdom (Chand dynasty) 1000–1790 Kumul Khanate 1696–1930 Kuninda Kingdom 200 BC–300 Kura-Araxes Culture 3400 BC–2000 BC Kuru Kingdom 1200 BC–350 BC Kushan Empire 30–375 Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom 230–365 Kutai Martadipura Kingdom 399–1635 Kuwait 1961–now Kyrgyz Khaganate 693–1207 Kyrgyzstan 1991–now Lagash 2500 BC–2100 BC Lakhmid Kingdom 268–602 Lan Na 1292–1884 Lan Xang 1353–1707 Langkasuka 100–1474 Laos 1953–now Larsa 2025 BC–1763 BC Later Baekje (Later Paekche) 892–936 Later Gupta dynasty 490–750 Later Han (Five Dynasties) 947–951 Later Jin (Five Dynasties) 936–947 Later Liang (Five Dynasties) 907–923 Later Liang (Sixteen Kingdoms) 386–403 Later Qin 384–417 Later Shu 934–965 Later Tang 923–936 Later Yan 384–409 Later Zhao 319–351 Later Zhou 951–960 Lavo Kingdom (Lopburi) 700–1388 Lebanon 1943–now Liang dynasty 502–557 Liangzhu Culture 3300 BC–2300 BC Liao Dynasty 907–1125 Licchavis of Nepal 450–750 Liu Song dynasty 420–479 Lohara dynasty 1003–1170 Longshan Culture 3000 BC–1900 BC Loulan Kingdom (Kroraina) 176 BC–330 Lower Xiajiadian culture 2200 BC–1600 BC Lullubi 2300 BC–2000 BC Lycia 1400 BC–546 BC Lydian Kingdom 1200 BC–547 BC Ma'in (Minaean Kingdom) 800 BC–100 BC Mạc dynasty 1527–1677 Macau (SAR) 1999–now Madurai Nayak Kingdom 1529–1736 Madurai Sultanate (Ma'bar Sultanate) 1335–1378 Magadha 684 BC–346 BC Magan 2600 BC–550 BC Mahajanapadas 600 BC–322 BC Maitraka Dynasty 475–776 Majapahit 1293–1527 Majiabang Culture 5000 BC–3800 BC Majiayao Culture 3300 BC–2000 BC Malaysia 1963–now Maldives 1965–now Malla 600 BC–300 BC Malla Dynasty (Nepal) 1201–1769 Mallabhum (Bishnupur Raj) 694–1806 Malwa Culture 1600 BC–1300 BC Malwa Sultanate 1401–1562 Manchukuo 1932–1945 Mandatory Iraq (Kingdom of Iraq under British Administration) 1921–1932 Mandatory Palestine 1920–1948 Mandatory Syria (French Mandate) 1920–1946 Mandi State 1527–1948 Mannaea 1000 BC–616 BC Mansi (Vogul) 800–1600 Maratha Confederacy 1674–1818 Marhashi 2600 BC–2000 BC Mari 2900 BC–1759 BC Maryul (First Ladakhi Dynasty) 930–1460 Massagetae 800 BC–200 BC Mataram Kingdom (Ancient) 716–1016 Mataram Sultanate 1587–1755 Matsya 700 BC–300 BC Maukhari dynasty 550–606 Maurya Empire 321 BC–185 BC Median Kingdom 678 BC–550 BC Mehrgarh 7000 BC–2600 BC Melikdoms of Karabakh (Khamsa) 1603–1822 Mengjiang (Mengjiang United Autonomous Government) 1936–1945 Menteshe (Beylik of Menteşe) 1261–1425 Middle Assyrian Empire 1363 BC–912 BC Middle Jüz (Orta Jüz / Middle Horde) 1715–1822 Min (Ten Kingdoms) 909–945 Ming Dynasty 1368–1644 Mitanni 1500 BC–1300 BC Moghulistan 1347–1514 Möng Mao 1276–1444 Mongol & Turkic Steppe Tribes 1125–1205 Mongol Empire 1206–1270 Mongolia 1925–now Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate 1861–1918 Mughal Empire 1526–1857 Mumun Pottery Period 1500 BC–300 BC Murunda dynasty 200–300 Musunuri Nayakas 1323–1368 Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen 1918–1962 Mutayr tribal confederation 1750–1930 Muzaffarids of Iran 1314–1393 Myanmar 1948–now Nabataean Kingdom 312 BC–106 Naiman Khanate 1100–1204 Nairi 1300 BC–700 BC Nakhichevan Khanate 1747–1828 Nam Việt 204 BC–111 BC Nanai (Hezhe, Goldi) 1200–1860 Nanda Empire 345 BC–322 BC Nanzhao 738–902 Nara Period Japan 710–794 Nawabs of Bengal (Murshidabad) 1717–1765 Nayakas of Keladi (Ikkeri/Bednore) 1499–1763 Negeri Sembilan (Confederation of Nine States) 1773–now Nenets 1000–1628 Neo-Assyrian Empire 912 BC–609 BC Neo-Babylonian Empire 626 BC–539 BC Nezak Huns 484–665 Ngô dynasty (Tĩnh Hải quân) 939–965 Nguyen lords (Chua Nguyen) 1558–1777 Nippur 3000 BC–600 BC Nivkh (Gilyak) 1100–1860 Nizari Ismaili State (Alamut) 1090–1256 Nogai Horde 1440–1634 North Korea 1948–now North Vietnam (Democratic Republic of Vietnam) 1954–1976 Northern Black Polished Ware Culture 700 BC–200 BC Northern Han 951–979 Northern Liang 397–439 Northern Qi 550–577 Northern Wei 386–535 Northern Yan 407–436 Northern Yuan 1368–1635 Northern Zhou 557–581 Nuomuhong Culture 1350 BC–950 BC Ochre Coloured Pottery Culture 2000 BC–1500 BC Okhotsk Culture 500–1000 Okjeo 200 BC–400 Old Babylonian Empire 1894 BC–1595 BC Old Kedah (Kedah Tua) 500 BC–1135 Oman 1744–now Ordos Culture 800 BC–150 BC Osroene (Kingdom of Edessa) 132 BC–214 Otaibah (ʿUtaybah) tribal confederation 1750–1932 Ottoman Empire 1299–1922 Oxus Civilization (BMAC) 2300 BC–1700 BC Pagan Kingdom 849–1297 Pagaruyung Kingdom 1347–1833 Pahang Sultanate (Old Pahang) 1470–1623 Painted Grey Ware Culture 1200 BC–600 BC Pala Empire 750–1174 Pallava Dynasty 275–897 Palmyrene Empire 260–273 Panchala Kingdom 900 BC–350 BC Pandya Kingdom 300 BC–1650 Paramara Dynasty 800–1305 Parthian Empire 247 BC–224 Patani Sultanate 1516–1902 Pattin (Unqi) 1200 BC–738 BC Pazyryk Culture 600 BC–200 BC Peiligang Culture 7000 BC–5000 BC People's Republic of Bangladesh 1971–now Perak Sultanate 1528–now Phagmodrupa Dynasty 1354–1618 Philippines 1946–now Philistia (Philistine Pentapolis) 1175 BC–604 BC Phoenicia 1550 BC–300 BC Phrygia 1200 BC–675 BC Pontianak Sultanate 1771–1950 Portuguese India 1505–1961 Portuguese Macau 1557–1999 Portuguese Timor 1702–1975 Principality of Bitlis 1500–1847 Principality of Herat 1793–1863 Proto-Elamite Period 3100 BC–2700 BC Provisional Government of the Republic of China (Beijing) 1937–1940 Pushyabhuti dynasty (Vardhana dynasty) 500–647 Pyu City-States 200 BC–1050 Qajar Dynasty 1789–1925 Qara Khitai 1124–1218 Qara Qoyunlu (Black Sheep Turkomans) 1374–1468 Qarmatian state (al-Ahsa) 899–1077 Qasimid State (Zaydi Imamate of Yemen) 1597–1849 Qatar 1971–now Qatna 2000 BC–1340 BC Qijia culture 2400 BC–1600 BC Qin Dynasty 221 BC–206 BC Qing Dynasty 1644–1912 Qocho (Kingdom of Qocho) 843–1132 Qu'aiti Sultanate (Hadhramaut) 1858–1967 Quba Khanate 1747–1806 Qujialing Culture 3400 BC–2600 BC Qutlugh-Khanids of Kirman 1222–1306 Rai dynasty (Sindh) 489–632 Raj of Sarawak 1841–1946 Rampur State (Rohilla) 1774–1949 Ran Wei 350–352 Rashidun Caliphate 632–661 Rashtrakuta Empire 753–982 Rasulid Dynasty 1229–1454 Rattanakosin Kingdom 1782–1932 Rawwadid dynasty 900–1071 Reddi Kingdom (Kondavidu) 1325–1448 Reformed Government of the Republic of China (Nanjing) 1938–1940 Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China (Wang Jingwei regime) 1940–1945 Republic of China (1912–1949) 1912–1949 Republic of India 1947–now Riau-Lingga Sultanate 1824–1911 Rinpungpa 1435–1565 Rohilkhand (Rohilla state) 1721–1774 Rouran Khaganate 330–555 Russian Turkestan 1867–1917 Ryukyu Kingdom 1429–1879 Sa Huỳnh Culture 1000 BC–200 Sachin State 1791–1948 Safavid Empire 1501–1736 Saffarid Dynasty 861–1003 Sajid dynasty 889–929 Saka 800 BC–400 Sakha (Yakut) 1250–1642 Salankayana dynasty 300–440 Salghurids (Atabegs of Fars) 1148–1282 Sallarid dynasty (Musafirid) 919–1062 Sam'al (Zincirli) 900 BC–717 BC Samanid Empire 819–999 Samarra Culture 5500 BC–4800 BC Sanxingdui / Shu Kingdom 2000 BC–316 BC Sarab Khanate 1747–1797 Sarbadars 1337–1381 Sarukhanids (Beylik of Saruhan) 1300–1412 Sasanian Empire 224–651 Satara State 1818–1848 Satavahana Dynasty 230 BC–220 Satsumon Culture 700–1200 Saudi Arabia 1932–now Sawantwadi State 1627–1948 Scythian Kingdom 800 BC–200 BC Sea Peoples 1210 BC–1175 BC Second East Turkestan Republic 1944–1946 Second Philippine Republic 1943–1944 Second Saudi State 1824–1891 Second Turkic Khaganate 682–744 Seima-Turbino phenomenon 2300 BC–1700 BC Selangor Sultanate 1766–now Seleucid Empire 312 BC–63 BC Seljuk Empire 1037–1194 Selkup (Ostyak-Samoyed) 1000–1596 Sena Dynasty 1070–1230 Senior Jüz (Uly Jüz / Great Horde) 1715–1848 Sentinelese 1000 BC–now Seuna (Yadava) Dynasty of Devagiri 850–1317 Shaddadid dynasty 951–1199 Shailendra dynasty 750–850 Shailodbhava dynasty 553–736 Shaki Khanate 1743–1819 Shammar tribal confederation 1650–1932 Shan States 1500–1900 Shang Dynasty 1600 BC–1046 BC Sharifate of Mecca (Emirate of Mecca) 1517–1916 Sheikhdom of Kuwait 1752–1961 Shijiahe culture 2500 BC–2000 BC Shimao 2300 BC–1800 BC Shimashki Dynasty 2100 BC–1880 BC Shirvanshahs (Kingdom of Shirvan) 861–1538 Shu Han 221–263 Shulaveri-Shomu Culture 6000 BC–4900 BC Shunga Empire 185 BC–73 BC Sidon 1200 BC–333 BC Sikh Confederacy (Sikh Misls) 1748–1799 Sikh Empire 1799–1849 Silla 57 BC–935 Singapore 1965–now Singhasari 1222–1292 Sintashta Culture 2200 BC–1900 BC Sirmur State (Nahan) 1095–1948 Sirohi State (Deora Chauhan) 1311–1949 Siwa Culture 1400 BC–1000 BC Sogdia 600 BC–750 Somavamshi dynasty 882–1114 Song Dynasty 960–1279 Songze Culture 3800 BC–3300 BC Soomra Dynasty of Sindh 1026–1351 Soran Emirate 1500–1836 South Korea 1948–now South Ossetia 1992–now South Vietnam (Republic of Vietnam) 1955–1975 South Yemen (People's Democratic Republic of Yemen) 1967–1990 Southern Han 917–971 Southern Liang (Sixteen Kingdoms) 397–414 Southern Ming 1644–1662 Southern Qi 479–502 Southern Tang 937–976 Southern Yan 398–410 Soviet Civil Administration (northern Korea) 1945–1948 Spanish Formosa 1626–1642 Srivijaya 650–1275 Srubnaya Culture (Timber-Grave Culture) 1900 BC–1200 BC State of Burma 1943–1945 State of Chu 1030 BC–223 BC State of Greater Lebanon 1920–1943 State of Han (Warring States) 403 BC–230 BC State of Jin 1042 BC–403 BC State of Palestine 1988–now State of Qi 1046 BC–221 BC State of Qin 900 BC–221 BC State of Wei 403 BC–225 BC State of Wu 900 BC–473 BC State of Yan 1044 BC–222 BC State of Yue 1100 BC–333 BC State of Zhao 403 BC–222 BC Sui Dynasty 581–618 Sukhothai Kingdom 1238–1438 Sulayhid dynasty 1047–1138 Sultanate of Aceh 1496–1903 Sultanate of Banjar 1520–1860 Sultanate of Bone 1400–1905 Sultanate of Brunei 1368–1888 Sultanate of Cirebon 1482–1677 Sultanate of Gowa 1320–1911 Sultanate of Kutai (Kutai Kartanegara) 1300–1960 Sultanate of Lahej (Abdali) 1740–1967 Sultanate of Maguindanao 1515–1889 Sultanate of Malacca 1400–1511 Sultanate of Palembang 1659–1823 Sultanate of Rum 1077–1308 Sultanate of Sambas 1609–1950 Sultanate of Siak Sri Indrapura 1722–1946 Sultanate of Sulu 1450–1915 Sultanate of Ternate 1257–1946 Sultanate of Tidore 1450–1905 Sumer 3500 BC–2004 BC Sunda Kingdom 669–1579 Sur Empire 1538–1556 Surasena 700 BC–300 BC Susa 4200 BC–2700 BC Syria 1946–now Tabal 1180 BC–713 BC Tabriz Khanate 1757–1799 Tagar Culture 800 BC–100 BC Tahirid Dynasty 821–873 Tahirid Sultanate (Yemen) 1454–1517 Taiping Heavenly Kingdom 1851–1864 Taiwan 1949–now Tajikistan 1991–now Talpur Dynasty (Amirs of Sindh) 1783–1843 Talysh Khanate 1747–1826 Tambralinga 100–1277 Tang Dynasty 618–907 Tarumanagara 358–669 Tây Sơn dynasty 1778–1802 Tepe Sialk 6000 BC–3000 BC Terengganu Sultanate 1725–now Thailand 1932–now Thanjavur Maratha Kingdom 1674–1855 Third Dynasty of Ur (Ur III) 2112 BC–2004 BC Thonburi Kingdom 1767–1782 Tibet under Yuan Rule (Sakya Regime) 1270–1354 Tibetan Empire 618–842 Timor-Leste 2002–now Timurid Empire 1370–1507 Tobinitai Culture 900–1200 Tokugawa Shogunate 1603–1868 Tondo (historical polity) 900–1589 Tonk State (Nawabs of Tonk) 1817–1948 Toungoo Empire 1510–1752 Traikutaka dynasty 388–456 Trinh lords (Chua Trinh) 1545–1787 Trucial States 1820–1971 Trưng Sisters' Kingdom (Lạc Việt uprising) 40–43 Tsangpa Dynasty 1565–1642 Tsongkha (Qingtang / Gusiluo Kingdom) 1008–1104 Tümed Khanate (Altan Khan) 1550–1636 Turgesh Khaganate 699–766 Turk Shahis 665–822 Turkey (Republic of Turkiye) 1923–now Turkmenistan 1991–now Turpan Khanate 1487–1570 Tuvan People's Republic 1921–1944 Tuyuhun 284–670 Twipra Kingdom (Tripura, Manikya dynasty) 1400–1949 Tyre 1200 BC–332 BC Ubaid Period 5500 BC–3800 BC Udege (Udihe) 1200–1860 Ugarit 2000 BC–1185 BC Umayyad Caliphate 661–750 Umm an-Nar culture 2600 BC–2000 BC Umma 2500 BC–2100 BC United Arab Emirates 1971–now Ur (Early Dynastic city-state) 2600 BC–2004 BC Urartu 860 BC–590 BC Uruk 4000 BC–2000 BC Uruk Period 4000 BC–3100 BC US Army Military Government in Korea 1945–1948 US-Occupied Ryukyu Islands (Military Government, then Civil Administration) 1945–1972 Utpala dynasty 855–1003 Uyghur Khaganate 744–840 Uzbekistan 1991–now Vaghela Dynasty of Gujarat 1244–1304 Vajjika League (Vajji) 700 BC–400 BC Vakataka Dynasty 250–500 Vatsa Kingdom 700 BC–300 BC Vedic Period 1500 BC–500 BC Việt Nam (Nguyễn dynasty) 1805–1887 Vietnam 1976–now Vijayanagara Empire 1336–1646 Vishnukundina dynasty 420–624 Wadi Rabah Culture 5800 BC–5000 BC Wadi Suq culture 2000 BC–1300 BC Wajoq (Wajo) 1500–1906 Western Chalukya Empire (Chalukyas of Kalyani) 973–1189 Western Ganga Dynasty 350–1000 Western Liang (Sixteen Kingdoms) 400–421 Western Qin 385–431 Western Satraps (Western Kshatrapas) 35–415 Western Turkic Khaganate 603–657 Western Wei 535–557 Western Xia 1038–1227 Western Yan 384–394 Western Zhou 1046 BC–771 BC Wiman Joseon 194 BC–108 BC Wu (Yang Wu) 907–937 Wusun 176 BC–400 Wuyue 907–978 Xia (Sixteen Kingdoms) 407–431 Xia Dynasty 2070 BC–1600 BC Xianbei 300 BC–235 Xiaoheyan Culture 3500 BC–2000 BC Xin dynasty 9–23 Xindian Culture 1500 BC–1000 BC Xinle Culture 5500 BC–4800 BC Xiongnu 209 BC–91 Xueyantuo Khaganate 628–646 Ya'rubid Dynasty (Oman) 1624–1749 Yamatai 190–248 Yamato State 250–710 Yamhad (Kingdom of Halab) 1810 BC–1595 BC Yangshao Culture 5000 BC–3000 BC Yarkent Khanate 1514–1705 Yaudheya (Yaudheya Gaṇasaṅgha) 500 BC–400 Yayoi Period 300 BC–250 Yelang 300 BC–111 BC Yemen 1990–now Yemen Arab Republic 1962–1990 Yeren (Wild) Jurchens 1409–1643 Yettishar (Kashgaria) 1865–1877 Yuan Dynasty 1271–1368 Yukaghir 1000–1700 Zand Dynasty 1751–1794 Zaydid Alids of Tabaristan, Daylam and Gilan 864–928 Zengid Dynasty 1127–1250 Zhangzhung 500 BC–625 Zhaobaogou Culture 5400 BC–4500 BC Ziyarid Dynasty 931–1090 Zoku-Jōmon (Epi-Jōmon) Culture 300 BC–700 Zunbil dynasty 680–870
Europe
Abashevo culture 2200 BC–1850 BC Achaean League 280 BC–146 BC Aedui 400 BC–52 BC Aesti 100 BC–700 Aetolian League 370 BC–167 BC Al-Andalus 711–1031 Alans 50–370 Albania 1991–now Albanian Kingdom (German client, 1943-1944) 1943–1944 Alemanni 213–496 Allied-occupied Austria 1945–1955 Allied-occupied Germany 1945–1949 Allied-occupied Iceland 1940–1945 Ancient Estonia (pre-state) 3000 BC–1227 Andorra 1993–now Angevin Empire 1154–1214 Angles (continental homeland) 100–450 Anhalt 1603–1918 Antes 518–602 Antigonid Kingdom (Macedonia) 306 BC–168 BC Apennine culture 1800 BC–1150 BC Aquitani 300 BC–28 BC Arianiti domain 1427–1462 Arverni 300 BC–52 BC Astrakhan Khanate 1466–1556 Astures 300 BC–100 Atlantic Bronze Age 1300 BC–700 BC Austrasia 511–751 Austria 1955–now Austria-Hungary 1867–1918 Austrian Empire 1804–1867 Avar Khaganate 567–822 Baden Culture 3520 BC–2690 BC Balearic Islands (Roman) 123 BC–434 Balts (Baltic peoples, pre-state) 1000 BC–800 Bastarnae 230 BC–300 Batavi 50 BC–300 Batavian Republic 1795–1806 Belarus 1991–now Belgae 300 BC–53 BC Belgium 1830–now Bell Beaker culture 2800 BC–1800 BC Bodrogkeresztúr Culture 4000 BC–3600 BC Boian Culture 4300 BC–3500 BC Boii 400 BC–1 Bosnia and Herzegovina 1992–now Bosporan Kingdom 438 BC–370 Bourbon Restoration (France) 1815–1830 Brigantes 100 BC–155 Britannic Empire (Carausian Revolt) 286–296 Bructeri 12 BC–400 Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (Duchy of Brunswick from 1815) 1269–1918 Bruttii (Bruttians) 356 BC–132 BC Bulgaria 1990–now Burgundians 278–534 Buri 98–183 Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic 1919–1991 Caledonians 100 BC–297 Cantabri 300 BC–100 Carantania 658–828 Cardium Pottery / Cardial (Impressed Ware) Culture 6400 BC–4500 BC Carolingian Empire 800–843 Carpatho-Ukraine 1938–1939 Carpi 140–318 Castellieri culture 1800 BC–250 BC Castro Culture 900 BC–19 BC Catacomb culture 2500 BC–1950 BC Catuvellauni 100 BC–43 Celtiberians 300 BC–133 BC Celtic Britons 800 BC–77 Cernavodă Culture 4000 BC–3200 BC Chasséen Culture 4500 BC–3500 BC Chatti 100 BC–300 Chauci 100 BC–300 Chechen Republic of Ichkeria 1991–2000 Cherusci 100 BC–100 Cimbri and Teutones 120 BC–101 BC Cisalpine Republic 1797–1802 Comb Ceramic Culture 4200 BC–2000 BC Commonwealth of England 1649–1660 Confederation of the Rhine 1806–1813 Congress Poland (Kingdom of Poland, 1815) 1815–1830 Corded Ware culture 2900 BC–2300 BC Corsican Republic 1755–1769 Cortaillod Culture 4300 BC–3500 BC Cossack Hetmanate 1648–1764 Costoboci 100–180 Cotini 9–250 Coțofeni Culture 3500 BC–2500 BC County of Barcelona 801–1164 County of Edessa 1098–1150 County of Flanders 866–1795 County of Holland 880–1795 County of Portugal 868–1139 County of Savoy 1003–1416 County of Sicily 1071–1130 County of Toulouse 778–1271 County of Tripoli 1102–1289 Crimean Khanate 1441–1783 Croatia 1991–now Crown of Aragon 1137–1515 Cucuteni-Trypillia Culture 5000 BC–2950 BC Cycladic Civilization 3200 BC–1180 BC Cyprus 1960–now Czech Republic 1993–now Czechoslovakia 1918–1992 Dacian Kingdom (Burebista-Decebalus) 82 BC–106 Dacians and Getae (early / pre-state) 700 BC–600 BC Dál Riata 498–850 Danelaw 865–954 Danes (tribe) 500–900 Daunians 900 BC–300 BC Denmark 1849–now Denmark–Norway 1536–1814 Despotate of Epirus 1205–1479 Despotate of the Morea 1349–1460 Deverel–Rimbury culture 1400 BC–1200 BC Dimini Culture 4800 BC–4300 BC Dnieper–Donets Culture 5000 BC–4200 BC Donetsk People's Republic 2014–2022 Duchy of Amalfi 839–1137 Duchy of Apulia and Calabria 1043–1130 Duchy of Aquitaine (independent duchy, 7th-8th c.) 670–769 Duchy of Athens 1205–1458 Duchy of Austria 1156–1453 Duchy of Bavaria 907–1623 Duchy of Benevento 570–1081 Duchy of Bohemia 870–1198 Duchy of Brabant 1183–1795 Duchy of Brittany 939–1532 Duchy of Burgundy 880–1477 Duchy of Carinthia 976–1806 Duchy of Courland and Semigallia 1561–1795 Duchy of Croatia 700–925 Duchy of Ferrara 1264–1597 Duchy of Franconia 906–1168 Duchy of Friuli 568–776 Duchy of Holstein 1474–1866 Duchy of Livonia (Polish Livonia) 1561–1621 Duchy of Lorraine 959–1766 Duchy of Mantua 1530–1797 Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin 1701–1815 Duchy of Milan 1395–1797 Duchy of Modena and Reggio 1452–1859 Duchy of Nassau 1806–1866 Duchy of Normandy 911–1204 Duchy of Oldenburg 1774–1871 Duchy of Parma and Piacenza 1545–1859 Duchy of Poland (Piast) 960–1025 Duchy of Prussia 1525–1701 Duchy of Savoy 1416–1719 Duchy of Saxony 804–1296 Duchy of Schleswig 1232–1866 Duchy of Spoleto 570–1203 Duchy of Styria 1180–1806 Duchy of Swabia 915–1268 Duchy of Urbino 1443–1631 Duchy of Vasconia (Gascony) 602–1453 Duchy of Warsaw 1807–1815 Duchy of Württemberg 1495–1803 Dumnonia 410–875 Dutch Republic 1581–1795 Earldom of Orkney 875–1472 Early Helladic Greece 3200 BC–2000 BC East Germany 1949–1990 El Argar 2200 BC–1550 BC Electoral Palatinate 1085–1803 Electorate of Bavaria 1623–1806 Electorate of Cologne 953–1803 Electorate of Hanover 1692–1814 Electorate of Hesse 1803–1866 Electorate of Mainz 780–1803 Electorate of Saxony 1356–1806 Electorate of Trier 898–1801 Elymians 1200 BC–250 BC Emirate of Granada 1230–1492 Emirate of Sicily 831–1091 Empire of Nicaea 1204–1261 Empire of Trebizond 1204–1461 Epirus (ancient kingdom/koinon) 370 BC–167 BC Ertebølle Culture 5400 BC–3950 BC Estado Novo (Portugal) 1926–1974 Estonia 1918–now Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic 1940–1991 Etruscan Civilization 900 BC–27 BC European Union Exarchate of Ravenna 584–751 Faroe Islands 1948–now Fatyanovo–Balanovo culture 2900 BC–2050 BC Federal State of Austria 1934–1938 Finland 1917–now Finnic peoples (pre-state) 1000 BC–1150 First Austrian Republic 1919–1934 First Bulgarian Empire 681–1018 First French Empire 1804–1815 First French Republic 1792–1804 First Portuguese Republic 1910–1926 First Spanish Republic 1873–1874 France 1958–now Francoist Spain (Spanish State) 1939–1975 Free City of Cracow 1815–1846 Free City of Danzig 1920–1939 Free France / Provisional Government of the French Republic 1944–1946 Free Imperial City of Augsburg 1276–1806 Free Imperial City of Bremen 1186–1871 Free Imperial City of Frankfurt am Main 1372–1866 Free Imperial City of Hamburg 1189–1871 Free Imperial City of Lübeck 1226–1871 Free Imperial City of Nuremberg 1219–1806 Free State of Fiume 1920–1924 French Fourth Republic 1946–1958 French Second Republic 1848–1852 French Third Republic 1870–1940 Frisian Kingdom 600–734 Frisii 200 BC–296 Funnelbeaker Culture (TRB) 4100 BC–2800 BC Gaelic Ireland 400–1542 Gallic Empire (Imperium Galliarum) 260–274 Gaudo Culture 3150 BC–2300 BC Gauls 500 BC–52 BC Geats 200 BC–1100 General Government 1939–1945 Gepids 260–567 German Confederation 1815–1866 German Empire 1871–1918 German Military Administration in France (zone occupée) 1940–1944 German-occupied Denmark 1940–1945 German-Occupied Serbia (Nedic Government) 1941–1944 Germany 1949–now Globular Amphora Culture 3400 BC–2800 BC Golasecca Culture 900 BC–400 BC Goths (Wielbark/Chernyakhov, Vistula-Pontic steppe) 1–375 Grand Duchy of Baden 1806–1918 Grand Duchy of Hesse 1806–1918 Grand Duchy of Lithuania 1236–1795 Grand Duchy of Tuscany 1569–1860 Grand Principality of Moscow (Muscovy) 1263–1547 Grand Principality of Serbia 1091–1217 Great Moravia 833–907 Greece 1974–now Greek Dark Ages 1180 BC–800 BC Greuthungi 360–400 Gumelnița Culture 4700 BC–3950 BC Habsburg Monarchy 1526–1804 Habsburg Spain 1516–1700 Hallstatt Culture 800 BC–451 BC Hamangia Culture 5250 BC–4500 BC Hanseatic League 1241–1669 Hellenic State (Axis-occupied Greece) 1941–1944 Helvetic Republic 1798–1803 Helvetii 200 BC–58 BC Hermunduri 7 BC–300 Heruli 250–560 Hilversum culture 1800 BC–1200 BC Holy Roman Empire 962–1806 Horgen Culture 3500 BC–2850 BC Hospitaller Malta 1530–1798 Hospitaller Rhodes 1310–1522 Hungarian People's Republic 1949–1989 Hungary 1989–now Hunnic Empire 370–469 Hwicce 577–780 Iazyges 200 BC–175 Iberians (Levantine/coastal culture) 800 BC–19 BC Iceland 1944–now Icelandic Commonwealth 930–1262 Iceni 100 BC–61 Illyrians (early / pre-state) 1000 BC–600 BC Independent State of Croatia (NDH) 1941–1945 Inflanty Voivodeship 1621–1772 Insubres 600 BC–197 BC Ireland 1922–now Iron Age Ireland (pre-Gaelic historical record) 600 BC–400 Iron Age Scandinavia (pre-state petty chiefdoms) 500 BC–799 Italian Governorate of Montenegro 1941–1944 Italian Islands of the Aegean (Dodecanese) 1912–1947 Italian Social Republic (Republic of Salò) 1943–1945 Italian-occupied France 1940–1943 Italy 1946–now Jastorf Culture 600 BC–1 BC Judicate of Arborea 1000–1420 July Monarchy 1830–1848 Jutes (continental homeland) 1–450 Juthungi 259–430 Kalmar Union 1397–1523 Kalmyk Khanate 1630–1771 Karanovo Culture 6200 BC–4701 BC Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic 1940–1956 Khanate of Kazan 1438–1552 Khvalynsk Culture 4900 BC–3500 BC Kiev culture 200–500 Kievan Rus' 882–1240 Kingdom of Abkhazia 780–1008 Kingdom of Albania 1928–1942 Kingdom of Albania (Angevin) 1272–1368 Kingdom of Albania (Italian personal union) 1939–1943 Kingdom of Aragon 1035–1136 Kingdom of Asturias 718–910 Kingdom of Bavaria 1806–1918 Kingdom of Bernicia 547–634 Kingdom of Bohemia 1198–1918 Kingdom of Bosnia 1377–1463 Kingdom of Brittany 851–939 Kingdom of Burgundy (Arles) 933–1032 Kingdom of Castile 1065–1515 Kingdom of Croatia (medieval) 925–1102 Kingdom of Cyprus 1192–1489 Kingdom of Deira 560–655 Kingdom of Denmark (early medieval) 936–1397 Kingdom of Dublin (Norse) 853–1170 Kingdom of Dyfed 410–920 Kingdom of East Anglia 571–918 Kingdom of East Francia 843–962 Kingdom of Elmet (Elfed) 450–627 Kingdom of England 927–1707 Kingdom of Essex 527–825 Kingdom of France 987–1792 Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria 1772–1918 Kingdom of Galicia-Volhynia 1199–1349 Kingdom of Georgia 1008–1490 Kingdom of Great Britain 1707–1800 Kingdom of Greece 1832–1973 Kingdom of Gwynedd 500–1283 Kingdom of Hanover 1814–1866 Kingdom of Holland 1806–1810 Kingdom of Hungary 1000–1918 Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946) 1920–1946 Kingdom of Iceland 1918–1944 Kingdom of Imereti 1463–1810 Kingdom of Ireland 1542–1800 Kingdom of Italy 1861–1946 Kingdom of Italy (Carolingian) 781–962 Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic) 1805–1814 Kingdom of Jerusalem 1099–1291 Kingdom of Jorvik (Scandinavian York) 866–954 Kingdom of Kakheti 1490–1762 Kingdom of Kartli 1490–1762 Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti 1762–1801 Kingdom of Kent 450–871 Kingdom of León 910–1230 Kingdom of Lindsey 600–700 Kingdom of Macedon 808 BC–337 BC Kingdom of Majorca 1276–1344 Kingdom of Mercia 527–918 Kingdom of Montenegro 1910–1918 Kingdom of Naples 1282–1816 Kingdom of Navarre 824–1620 Kingdom of Noricum 300 BC–16 BC Kingdom of Northumbria 653–954 Kingdom of Norway (872-1397) 872–1397 Kingdom of Odoacer 476–493 Kingdom of Poland 1025–1569 Kingdom of Portugal 1139–1910 Kingdom of Powys 450–1160 Kingdom of Provence (Lower Burgundy) 879–933 Kingdom of Prussia 1701–1871 Kingdom of Rheged 500–652 Kingdom of Romania 1881–1947 Kingdom of Sardinia 1720–1861 Kingdom of Saxony 1806–1918 Kingdom of Scotland 843–1707 Kingdom of Serbia 1882–1918 Kingdom of Serbia (Nemanjić) 1217–1346 Kingdom of Sicily 1130–1816 Kingdom of Soissons 461–486 Kingdom of Spain (Bourbon era) 1700–1873 Kingdom of Strathclyde (Alt Clut) 410–1058 Kingdom of Sussex 477–825 Kingdom of Sweden (early medieval) 800–1521 Kingdom of Syracuse 734 BC–212 BC Kingdom of the Ardiaei 260 BC–168 BC Kingdom of the Burgundians 411–534 Kingdom of the Isles 900–1266 Kingdom of the Lombards 568–774 Kingdom of the Suebi 409–585 Kingdom of the Thuringii 450–531 Kingdom of the Two Sicilies 1816–1861 Kingdom of Thessalonica 1204–1224 Kingdom of Wessex 519–927 Kingdom of West Francia 843–987 Kingdom of Westphalia 1807–1813 Kingdom of Württemberg 1806–1918 Kingdom of Yugoslavia 1918–1941 Klaipėda Region (Memel Territory) 1920–1939 Kosovo 2008–now Kutrigurs 500–600 La Tène Culture 450 BC–15 Lacringi 166–180 Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt 1567–1806 Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel 1567–1803 Latial Culture 1000 BC–700 BC Latin Empire of Constantinople 1204–1261 Latin League 700 BC–338 BC Latvia 1918–now Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic 1940–1991 League of Lezhë 1444–1479 Lengyel Culture 5000 BC–4000 BC Liburnians 1000 BC–33 BC Ligures (Ligurians) 700 BC–180 BC Ligurian Republic 1797–1805 Linear Pottery Culture (LBK) 5500 BC–4500 BC Lithuania 1918–now Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic 1940–1991 Livonian Order 1237–1561 Lombards (early tribal phase, Lower Elbe) 1–200 Lordship of Ireland 1177–1542 Los Millares 3200 BC–2200 BC Lotharingia 855–961 Lucanians 450 BC–89 BC Luhansk People's Republic 2014–2022 Lusatian Culture 1300 BC–500 BC Lusitanians 300 BC–139 BC Lutici (Veleti) Federation 950–1168 Luxembourg 1839–now Macedonian Empire 336 BC–323 BC Maeatae 180–213 Magonsæte 660–800 Malta 1964–now Marcomanni 9 BC–400 Margraviate of Austria 976–1156 Margraviate of Brandenburg 1157–1806 Margraviate of Brandenburg-Ansbach 1398–1791 Margraviate of Brandenburg-Bayreuth 1398–1791 Massalia 600 BC–49 BC Maykop Culture 3700 BC–3000 BC Merovingian Francia 481–751 Messapians 700 BC–200 BC Michelsberg Culture 4400 BC–3500 BC Middle Dnieper culture 2500 BC–1800 BC Middle Francia 843–855 Middle Helladic Greece 2000 BC–1550 BC Military Administration in Belgium and Northern France 1940–1944 Minoan Civilization 3000 BC–1100 BC Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic 1940–1991 Moldova 1991–now Monaco 1297–now Mondsee group 3800 BC–2800 BC Montenegro 2006–now Monteoru culture 2400 BC–1500 BC Moravian Serbia 1371–1402 Mycenaean Greece 1600 BC–1100 BC Nagyrév culture 2300 BC–1900 BC Naristi (Varisci) 98–180 Nationalists (Spanish Civil War) 1936–1939 Nazi Germany 1933–1945 Nervii 300 BC–57 BC Netherlands 1815–now Neustria 511–751 Nordic Bronze Age 1700 BC–501 BC North German Confederation 1867–1871 North Macedonia 1991–now North Sea Empire (Cnut) 1016–1042 Northern Cyprus (Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus) 1974–now Norway 1905–now Noua culture 1600 BC–1200 BC Novgorod (Ilmen) Slavs 700–882 Novgorod Republic 1136–1478 Nuragic Civilization 1800 BC–238 BC Obotrite Confederation 700–1160 Odrysian Kingdom 480 BC–46 Oksywie Culture 200 BC–100 Old Great Bulgaria 632–668 Old Saxony (continental Saxons, pre-Frankish conquest) 300–804 Old Swiss Confederacy 1291–1798 Osi 98–200 Ostrogothic Kingdom 493–553 Otomani–Füzesabony culture 2100 BC–1400 BC Ozieri Culture 4200 BC–2800 BC Paeonians 700 BC–600 BC Papal States 754–1870 Parliamentarians (Roundheads) 1642–1646 Pechenegs 860–1091 People's Republic of Bulgaria 1946–1990 People's Socialist Republic of Albania 1945–1991 Petty kingdoms of Norway 200–872 Pfyn Culture 4300 BC–3500 BC Picentes (Piceni) 900 BC–269 BC Picts 297–843 Polada culture 2200 BC–1500 BC Poland 1989–now Polis of Athens 508 BC–322 BC Polis of Corinth 900 BC–146 BC Polis of Sparta (Lacedaemon) 900 BC–192 BC Polis of Thebes (Boeotia) 700 BC–335 BC Polish People's Republic 1945–1988 Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 1569–1795 Poltavka culture 2800 BC–2100 BC Pomeranian Culture (Face-Urn Culture) 650 BC–150 BC Pomeranians (early Slavic duchies) 900–1121 Portugal 1974–now Prince-Abbey of Fulda 1220–1803 Prince-Archbishopric of Salzburg 1328–1803 Prince-Bishopric of Bamberg 1245–1803 Prince-Bishopric of Liège 985–1795 Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro 1516–1852 Prince-Bishopric of Münster 1180–1803 Prince-Bishopric of Osnabrück 1225–1803 Prince-Bishopric of Passau 1217–1803 Prince-Bishopric of Würzburg 1168–1803 Princely County of Tyrol 1140–1806 Principality of Abkhazia 1463–1864 Principality of Achaea 1205–1432 Principality of Albania 1914–1925 Principality of Albania (Thopia) 1359–1415 Principality of Antioch 1098–1268 Principality of Bulgaria 1878–1908 Principality of Chernigov 1024–1402 Principality of Galicia (Halych) 1141–1199 Principality of Guria 1463–1829 Principality of Hungary 895–1000 Principality of Iberia 580–888 Principality of Liechtenstein 1806–now Principality of Lippe (County of Lippe to 1789) 1528–1918 Principality of Mataranga 1358–1367 Principality of Mingrelia (Samegrelo / Odishi) 1557–1867 Principality of Moldavia 1346–1859 Principality of Montenegro 1852–1910 Principality of Muzaka (Lordship of Berat) 1279–1450 Principality of Pereyaslavl 992–1239 Principality of Polotsk 862–1307 Principality of Ryazan 1129–1521 Principality of Serbia 1815–1882 Principality of Serbia (early medieval, Vlastimirović) 768–969 Principality of Smolensk 1125–1404 Principality of Svaneti 1490–1858 Principality of Transylvania 1570–1711 Principality of Tver 1246–1485 Principality of Waldeck and Pyrmont (County of Waldeck to 1712) 1180–1918 Principality of Wallachia 1310–1859 Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia 1939–1945 Provisional Government of Albania 1912–1914 Przeworsk Culture 300 BC–450 Quadi 100 BC–400 Reichskommissariat Niederlande 1940–1945 Reichskommissariat Norwegen 1940–1945 Reichskommissariat Ostland 1941–1945 Reichskommissariat Ukraine 1941–1944 Remedello Culture 3400 BC–2400 BC Republic of Florence 1115–1532 Republic of Geneva 1534–1798 Republic of Genoa 1005–1797 Republic of Lucca 1160–1805 Republic of Pisa 1000–1406 Republic of Ragusa 1358–1808 Republic of Venice 697–1797 Restoration Spain (1898-1931) 1874–1931 Reuss (Elder and Younger Lines) 1564–1918 Rinaldone Culture 3700 BC–2100 BC Roman Empire (unified) 27 BC–395 Roman Kingdom 753 BC–509 BC Roman Republic 509 BC–27 BC Romania 1989–now Rössen Culture 4600 BC–4300 BC Roxolani 200 BC–300 Rugii 100–487 Russia (Russian Federation) 1991–now Russian Empire 1721–1917 Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) 1917–1991 Russian-occupied Ukraine 2014–now Rzucewo culture (Bay Coast / Chełmno group) 2900 BC–2300 BC Sălcuța Culture 4500 BC–3800 BC Salian Franks 250–481 Samara Culture 5000 BC–4500 BC Sami people 1500 BC–now Samnites 500 BC–82 BC Samo's Realm (Samo's Empire) 631–658 San Marino 1600–now Sarmatians 500 BC–370 Saxe-Altenburg 1826–1918 Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 1826–1918 Saxe-Meiningen 1681–1918 Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach 1572–1918 Schwarzburg (Sondershausen and Rudolstadt) 1599–1918 Sciri 230 BC–469 Sclaveni 500–700 Scordisci 279 BC–15 BC Second Bulgarian Empire 1185–1396 Second French Empire 1852–1870 Second Hellenic Republic 1924–1935 Second Hungarian Republic 1946–1949 Second Polish Republic 1918–1939 Second Spanish Republic 1931–1939 Semnones 5–200 Sequani 300 BC–52 BC Serbia 2006–now Serbia and Montenegro (Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, 1992-2003) 1992–2006 Serbian Despotate 1402–1459 Serbian Empire 1346–1361 Sesklo Culture 6850 BC–5000 BC Sicani 1100 BC–300 BC Sicels (Siculi) 1200 BC–440 BC Silures 100 BC–78 Slovak Republic (First) 1939–1945 Slovakia 1993–now Slovenia 1991–now Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia 1945–1992 Socialist Republic of Romania 1947–1989 Somogyvár-Vinkovci culture 2300 BC–1600 BC Sopot Culture 5500 BC–3800 BC Sorbs (early medieval tribal confederation) 631–950 Soviet Union 1922–1991 Spain 1975–now Spain under Joseph Bonaparte 1808–1813 Spanish Netherlands 1556–1714 Sredny Stog Culture 4500 BC–3500 BC Starčevo–Körös–Criș Culture 6200 BC–4500 BC Stroke-Ornamented Ware Culture (Stichbandkeramik) 4900 BC–4400 BC Suebi (Ariovistus-era confederation) 100 BC–58 BC Sweden 1523–now Swedes (tribe) 500–800 Switzerland 1848–now Taifa kingdoms 1031–1085 Taifali (Taifals) 250–400 Talaiotic culture 1000 BC–123 BC Taras (Tarentum) 706 BC–272 BC Tartessos 900 BC–500 BC Terramare Culture 1700 BC–1150 BC Territory of the Saar Basin 1920–1935 Teutonic Order State 1230–1525 Thervingi 291–376 Thracians (early / pre-state) 1000 BC–600 BC Tisza Culture 5400 BC–4400 BC Tiszapolgár Culture 4500 BC–4000 BC Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic 1922–1936 Transnistria (Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic) 1990–now Transnistria Governorate 1941–1944 Trzciniec culture 1800 BC–1200 BC Tsardom of Bulgaria 1908–1946 Tsardom of Russia 1547–1721 Tsardom of Vidin 1356–1396 Tumulus culture 1600 BC–1300 BC Turdetani 600 BC–19 BC Ukraine 1991–now Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic 1919–1991 Umbri 900 BC–260 BC Unetice Culture 2300 BC–1600 BC United Kingdom 1801–now United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia 1859–1881 Urnfield Culture 1300 BC–800 BC Usatove Culture 3650 BC–2740 BC Utigurs 500–600 Vandals (early Roman-era phase, Hasdingi/Silingi) 77–380 Vandals (migration era) 406–429 Varna Culture 4550 BC–4100 BC Vascones 300 BC–400 Vatican City 1929–now Vatya culture 2000 BC–1301 BC Veneti (Adriatic) 900 BC–49 BC Veneti (Armorica) 300 BC–56 BC Vettones 300 BC–133 BC Vichy France 1940–1944 Victohali 161–400 Villanovan Culture 1000 BC–700 BC Vinca Culture 5400 BC–4500 BC Visigothic Kingdom 418–720 Vistula Veneti 1–500 Vladimir-Suzdal (Grand Principality of Vladimir) 1125–1389 Volga Bulgaria 830–1240 Volga Finns (Merya, Muroma, Meshchera) 550–1100 Volsci 500 BC–304 BC Vučedol Culture 3000 BC–2200 BC Wartberg Culture 3500 BC–2800 BC Weimar Republic 1919–1933 Wessex culture 2000 BC–1500 BC Western Roman Empire 395–476 White Croats 700–992 White movement (Russian Civil War) 1918–1920 Wietenberg culture 2200 BC–1500 BC Wihtwara (Kingdom of the Isle of Wight) 534–686 Yamnaya Culture 3300 BC–2600 BC Zeta (Balšić–Crnojević principality) 1360–1516
North America
Oceania
South America
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