One of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world and a pivotal Phoenician/Canaanite city-state on the Lebanese coast, a major cedar-timber exporter to Egypt, until absorbed into the Persian and then Greek empires.
Surrendered peacefully to Alexander the Great in 332 BCE, entering the Macedonian Empire and the Hellenistic cultural sphere; as a Phoenician city-state it had previously been a Persian vassal kingdom since 538 BCE.
The atlas holds 13 border frames for Byblos (Gebal) — the shape you scrub through changes in 3000 BC · 2334 BC · 2153 BC · 2000 BC · 1810 BC · 1650 BC · 1594 BC · 1200 BC · 1177 BC · 1100 BC · 1000 BC · 731 BC · 719 BC.
An accessible, up-to-date history of the Phoenicians and their heartland cities, including Byblos, for the general reader.
Era/regional sweep of the Phoenician city-states and their trade world, contextualizing Byblos as a major cedar-and-timber exporter.