Islamic revolutionary state of the Mahdi that expelled the Egyptians before Kitchener's reconquest.
Destroyed militarily at the Battle of Omdurman on 2 September 1898, where Anglo-Egyptian forces under Kitchener routed the Khalifa Abdallahi's army; the last organized Mahdist resistance ended in 1899, and Sudan became the Anglo-Egyptian Condominium.
Slatin's famous firsthand account of fighting and then serving the Mahdists as their captive, 1879-1895, the classic inside view of the Mahdist state.
Collins's standard one-volume history of Sudan from the Funj and Turco-Egyptian eras through the Mahdiyya, the Anglo-Egyptian Condominium, and the modern state.