A highland lordship in what is now Hidalgo state, formed by Otomi refugees from the fallen kingdom of Xaltocan — the one major polity in central Mexico that the Aztec Triple Alliance never managed to conquer despite repeated 15th-century campaigns against it.
Absorbed into the Spanish colonial system after the fall of Tenochtitlan; part of its territory was granted as an encomienda to the conquistador Miguel Díez de Aux in 1521.
Covers the Aztec Triple Alliance's repeated failed campaigns against unconquered highland polities, including Metztitlan, and the strategic 'flower war' logic used against holdouts.