Saharan empire of the Sayfawa dynasty controlling the Lake Chad trade routes.
The Kanem–Bornu Empire's sovereignty effectively ended in 1893 when the warlord Rabih az-Zubayr conquered Bornu and sacked its capital; Rabih was defeated and killed by French forces at the Battle of Kousséri in 1900, after which the al-Kanemi dynasty was nominally restored but under colonial suzerainty, and the empire's territories were partitioned between British, French, and German colonial administrations by 1902.
The atlas holds 4 border frames for Kanem–Bornu Empire — the shape you scrub through changes in 700 · 850 · 950 · 1440.
Covers the Lake Chad / Kanem-Bornu state and trans-Saharan Islam archaeologically.
Kanem-Bornu within medieval Africa's Saharan trade systems (broad context).