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Protodynastic Egypt (Naqada III)

Late-predynastic 'Dynasty 0' proto-states (Scorpion, Narmer) that unified Upper and Lower Egypt.

Protodynastic Egypt (Naqada III / Dynasty 0, c. 3200–3100 BCE) culminated in the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt under Narmer (identified by many scholars with Menes), founding the Early Dynastic Period (Dynasty 1) c. 3100 BCE; it did not end through external conquest but through the political success of its own rulers.

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Further reading

• The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt Ian Shaw · 2000

  Treats the Naqada III 'Dynasty 0' unification of Upper and Lower Egypt.

• Early Dynastic Egypt Toby Wilkinson · 1999

  Detailed study of the formation of the Egyptian state from the late predynastic.

• Manetho W.G. Waddell (trans.) · 1940

  Primary source — Manetho's king-lists and dynastic framework are essential for understanding the transition from Predynastic to Early Dynastic; Loeb Classical Library vol. 350

Sources

• Naqada III — Wikipedia