Mixed-race Griqua frontier polities (Griqualand West and East) of the Cape interior.
The Griqua States were absorbed by Britain: Griqualand West was declared a British colony in 1871, then annexed by the Cape Colony on 18 October 1880; Griqualand East's annexation act was promulgated on 17 September 1879.
A dedicated history of a Griqua frontier polity of the Cape interior.
The Cape frontier the Griqua states inhabited (broad context).