Soviet-backed breakaway republic in Xinjiang's Ili, Tarbagatay and Altay districts, emerging from the November 1944 Ili Rebellion; over half its population was Kazakh, with an ethnically mixed, Uyghur-led government.
Negotiated into a coalition government with the Republic of China's Xinjiang provincial administration in 1946; the coalition unraveled and the territory was absorbed into the PRC's Xinjiang administration after the 1949 Chinese Communist takeover.
The standard English-language study of Xinjiang's warlord era, covering both the First (1933-34) and Second (1944-46) East Turkestan Republics.