Short-lived Turkic Islamic breakaway state centered on Kashgar in western Xinjiang, born from the Kumul Rebellion's pan-Turkic independence movement after the abolition of the semi-autonomous Kumul Khanate.
Crushed by Xinjiang provincial and allied Chinese Muslim (Hui) forces on 16 April 1934, restoring Xinjiang provincial control.
The standard English-language study of Xinjiang's warlord era, covering both the First (1933-34) and Second (1944-46) East Turkestan Republics.