Early cattle-keeping chiefdom of eastern Botswana, contemporary of Mapungubwe.
The Toutswe chiefdom declined and was abandoned around the 13th century, contemporaneously with the fall of Mapungubwe, as trade networks shifted and the specularite/cattle economy collapsed.
Foundational ethnography of the Tswana peoples of eastern Botswana, the region of the Toutswe cattle culture (broad context, not Toutswe-specific).
Places the early cattle-keeping chiefdoms of southern Africa in continental perspective (broad context).