Walashma Muslim sultanate of the eastern Ethiopian escarpment, rival of Christian Ethiopia.
Destroyed in 1415 when Emperor Yeshaq I of Ethiopia defeated the Ifat forces and annexed the highland territories; the fate of Sultan Sa'ad ad-Din II is disputed — some sources place his death at Zeila under Emperor Dawit I c. 1403, others under Yeshaq c. 1410–1415; the surviving Walashma relocated east and refounded as the Adal Sultanate.
Survey of the Walashma sultanates including Ifat (broad regional context).
Continental history of the Muslim Horn states (broad, not Ifat-specific).