Swahili stone-town trading settlement near Kilwa in the Kilwa archipelago.
Abandoned by the late 16th or early 17th century — the stone-town was occupied for roughly 150 years (14th–16th centuries) before being deserted, likely in connection with Portuguese disruption of Indian Ocean trade and the broader decline of the Kilwa orbit.
Archaeology and history of Swahili stone-town settlements like Songo Mnara near Kilwa.
Standard history of the Swahili coast trading culture (broad regional context, not site-specific).