Clove-rich Islamic sultanate of the Maluku spice islands, at peak controlled much of eastern Indonesia; fought Portuguese, Spanish and Dutch before becoming a Dutch vassal.
Sovereignty extinguished in 1914 CE when Dutch colonial authorities dethroned Sultan Haji Muhammad Usman, confiscated his wealth, and exiled him to Bandung after he covertly encouraged anti-Dutch revolts, formally ending the traditional Ternatan kingdom.
The atlas holds 3 border frames for Sultanate of Ternate — the shape you scrub through changes in 1257 · 1800 · 1906.
A history of Indonesia situating the Maluku spice sultanates such as Ternate.