Persianate Turkoman confederation ('Black Sheep') that ruled eastern Anatolia, Iraq, and Azerbaijan, contesting the region with Timur's successors before falling to its rival confederation.
Destroyed by the rival Aq Qoyunlu ('White Sheep') confederation: after Jahan Shah's death at the Battle of Chapakchur (1467), his successor was killed by Uzun Hasan, who conquered Qara Qoyunlu Iraq, Azerbaijan, and western Iran by 1468.
The atlas holds 4 border frames for Qara Qoyunlu (Black Sheep Turkomans) — the shape you scrub through changes in 1374 · 1386 · 1410 · 1446.
Minorsky is the standard mid-century Orientalist source specifically on the Qara Qoyunlu dynasty (paired here with the Deccan Qutb Shahis in one volume); no ISBN exists for this pre-ISBN University of London publication.