Pre-Roman people of the western Pyrenees (ancestral to the Basques) in the upper Ebro valley and Navarre, who retained substantial local identity and language through the Roman period.
Nominally incorporated into Roman Hispania Tarraconensis but retained significant cultural and linguistic continuity (ancestral to the modern Basques) through and beyond the fall of Rome in the west.
The classic study of the Basque people, ancestral Vascones of the western Pyrenees.