Italian grand duchy founded by Cosimo I de' Medici; successor to the Republic of Florence, ruled by Medici then House of Lorraine until Italian unification.
Dissolved via plebiscite on 22 March 1860 when Tuscany was annexed to the Kingdom of Sardinia, which itself became the Kingdom of Italy on 17 March 1861 under Victor Emmanuel II.
First book-length treatment of the Grand Duchy as a protagonist in early modern imperial politics; Harvard University Press, winner of AAIS Book Prize.
Broad regional context for Tuscany's city-states and the transition to grand-ducal rule.