Tijani jihad empire of El Hadj Umar Tall across the western Sudan, conquered by France.
The Toucouleur Empire fell to France in a series of campaigns culminating in 1890–1893; Ségou, the principal capital, fell on 6 April 1890 to Colonel Archinard, and Nioro du Sahel fell in January 1891; resistance ended by 1893 when the last major Toucouleur forces under Ahmadu Tall were defeated and he fled into exile in Sokoto.
A focused history of the Tukulor (Toucouleur) empire of Umar Tall and his sons.
Situates the Tijani jihad states within Islam's spread in West Africa.