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Peru

Heart of the old Viceroyalty, where the wars of independence were finally won at Junin and Ayacucho.

Endures as the Republic of Peru; lost Tarapaca to Chile in the War of the Pacific but recovered Tacna in 1929.

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Borders over time

The atlas holds 5 border frames for Peru — the shape you scrub through changes in 1821 · 1836 · 1840 · 1883 · 1929.

Moments from the Chronicle

• 1821 Independence of Peru proclaimed San Martin entered Lima and declared Peruvian independence on 28 July 1821, though the royalist sierra held out for three more years.
• 1824 Battle of Ayacucho On 9 December 1824 Sucre destroyed the last royalist army in the Peruvian sierra, ending the Viceroyalty of Peru and Spanish rule on the South American mainland.
• 1825 Bolivia founded A congress at Chuquisaca proclaimed Upper Peru independent on 6 August 1825, naming the new republic Bolivia for the Liberator.
• 1839 Battle of Yungay A Chilean-led restoration army defeated Santa Cruz on 20 January 1839, ending the Peru-Bolivian Confederation, which was formally dissolved on 25 August 1839.
• 1883 Treaty of Ancon Ending the War of the Pacific, the treaty of 20 October 1883 ceded Peru's nitrate province of Tarapaca to Chile and left Bolivia permanently landlocked; Tacna was returned to Peru in 1929.
• 2015 Autonomous Territorial Government of the Wampis Nation On 29 November the Wampis declare the first autonomous Indigenous government in Peru, uniting some 100 Santiago and Morona communities to defend a single 1.3-million-hectare territory against mining and oil — a modern echo of centuries of Jivaroan independence.

Further reading

• The Conquest of the Incas John Hemming · 1970

  The Spanish conquest of Peru and the fall of the viceroyalty's Andean heart.

• Born in Blood and Fire John Charles Chasteen · 2000

  Peru's wars of independence (Junin, Ayacucho) and republican history in a broad survey.

• La ciudad y los perros Mario Vargas Llosa · 1963 · fiction

  Vargas Llosa's breakthrough novel, set in a 1950s Lima military academy during the modern Peruvian republic.

• Aves sin nido Clorinda Matto de Turner · 1889 · fiction

  Foundational Latin American indigenista novel exposing the abuse of Andean Quechua villagers under the church and local officials in republican Peru.

Sources

• Peru — Wikipedia