The isthmus funnel of Peruvian silver — Panama City, the Camino Real, and the Portobelo fairs.
Remained Spanish through 1800, though the treasure-fleet system died after Vernon took Portobelo in 1739.
The atlas holds 2 border frames for Spanish Tierra Firme (Panama) — the shape you scrub through changes in 1510 · 1519.
The Pacific and isthmus world through which Peruvian silver funneled across Panama (broad regional context).
A classic survey of the Spanish American empire that frames the treasure-route provinces of the isthmus.