Short-lived breakaway state from Rome during the Crisis of the Third Century, founded by Odaenathus of Palmyra and expanded under Regent Queen Zenobia to control Syria, Arabia Petraea, Egypt, and much of Asia Minor.
Crushed by Emperor Aurelian in 272–273 CE; Zenobia was captured and Palmyra sacked; a brief revolt in 273 was swiftly suppressed and the city destroyed.
First comprehensive modern English-language history of Roman Syria, the rise of Palmyra, and Zenobia's revolt; University of Michigan Press; confirmed via Internet Archive and multiple scholarly reviews.
Scholarly biography situating Zenobia in the social, economic, and cultural context of third-century Palmyra; confirmed on Open Library OL28697267M (Women in Antiquity series, Oxford University Press).
A 19th-century American bestseller and pioneering work of historical fiction about Queen Zenobia's revolt against Rome and the fall of Palmyra; it is the best-known novel specifically about Zenobia, though it is a period classic rather than a modern literary heavyweight, so confidence is medium.