VOC (Dutch East India Company) trading colony on southwestern Taiwan, built around Fort Zeelandia to broker trade with Ming China and Tokugawa Japan and to displace Portuguese/Spanish commerce in the region; drew tens of thousands of Han Chinese settlers during its 38-year existence.
Besieged and conquered by Ming-loyalist warlord Koxinga (Zheng Chenggong) in the 1661-1662 Siege of Fort Zeelandia; the VOC briefly held a northern outpost at Keelung 1664-1668 before abandoning Taiwan entirely.
Polity-specific: Campbell's classic compiled sourcebook/history of the Dutch Formosa colony, verified on Open Library (multiple editions present).