Napoleon's client monarchy replacing the Batavian Republic, created to bind the Netherlands to France through dynastic rule rather than republicanism. His brother Louis Bonaparte, installed as king, unexpectedly governed in genuine defense of Dutch interests — centralizing administration and legal reform, and responding generously to the 1807 Leiden gunpowder disaster — which put him at repeated odds with Napoleon over conscription and enforcement of the Continental System.
Napoleon's patience with Louis's independent-mindedness ran out after the 1809 Walcheren campaign; France annexed the kingdom's southern territories and then the whole kingdom outright on 9 July 1810, absorbing the Netherlands directly into the French Empire until its 1813 liberation.
Recent scholarly biography of King Louis covering his reign and governance of the Kingdom of Holland; confirmed on Open Library. (No English-language monograph on the kingdom itself as a polity turned up — this is the closest verified, on-topic title.)