Post-Meroitic Lower Nubian culture of royal tumulus burials bridging Kush and the Christian kingdoms.
The Ballana Culture (X-Group, c. 350–550 CE) transitioned into the Christian Nubian kingdoms in the mid-6th century CE when Nobatia and Makuria converted to Christianity (c. 543–569 CE); the royal tumulus burial tradition was replaced by Christian inhumation, and the X-Group material culture disappears from the record.
Covers post-Meroitic and medieval Nubia (Nobatia, Makuria, Alwa) and the Eastern Desert Blemmyes and Beja.
Places Nubia's post-Meroitic transition in continental context (broad, not Ballana-specific).