Fulani Islamic reform state founded by Seku Amadu in the Inner Niger Delta after the 1818 Battle of Noukouma; governed through a Grand Council with elective succession before its 1862 conquest by the Toucouleur Empire.
Conquered and destroyed in 1862 by Umar Tall's Toucouleur Empire.
The atlas holds 3 border frames for Caliphate of Hamdullahi (Massina Empire) — the shape you scrub through changes in 1818 · 1832 · 1848.
Covers the 19th-century West African Fulani jihad states, including Massina/Hamdullahi, alongside Sokoto.