Ob-Ugric fishers, hunters and reindeer herders of the lower Ob and Irtysh — the land Russian chronicles called Yugra — organized in river clans under elders, some of whom Russians recognized as princes.
Not an ending: after Yermak's defeat of Kuchum in 1582 a chain of Russian forts (Tyumen 1585, Tobolsk 1587, Surgut 1593, Obdorsk 1595) enclosed Khanty lands, and Khanty elders were turned into tribute collectors; uprisings continued into the 17th century (Berezovo, 1604) and again in the 1840s. 31,467 people identified as Khanty in the 2021 Russian census, with Khanty co-official in Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug.
A book-length ethnography and history of the Khanty specifically, from the Russian conquest through Soviet rule to the oil era.
Used here for the Ob-Ugric chapters — the fort chain of the 1580s–90s and the yasak regime that ended Khanty autonomy.