A collection of related Late Bronze Age steppe cultures spanning from the southern Urals to the upper Yenisei in central Siberia and south into Central Asia, associated with early Indo-Iranian speakers, horse-drawn chariots, and tin-bronze metallurgy.
Gradually differentiated into successor Late Bronze Age steppe cultures (including Karasuk in the east); no single collapse event, but the shared material-culture horizon ends by c. 1150 BC.
Standard synthesis of Eurasian steppe Bronze Age cultures, including Andronovo, Sintashta and Srubnaya.