A Mixtec kingdom on the Pacific coast of Oaxaca (lower Río Verde valley), founded/consolidated as a major capital in 1083 by the warlord-king Eight Deer Jaguar Claw (Iya Nacuaa), who used it to unite kingdoms across the Mixteca Alta, Baja, and coastal regions — documented in the Codex Zouche-Nuttall and other Mixtec pictorial histories.
Remained a major, largely independent Mixtec power through the Late Postclassic; resisted repeated Aztec campaigns (a large Aztec army attacked it in 1506) before finally falling to the Spanish conquest in the 1520s.
The academic study correlating the Mixtec codices' year-by-year narrative of Eight Deer's conquests, including his 1083 founding of Tututepec as his capital, with archaeological survey.
Accessible narrative history of Eight Deer Jaguar Claw and his founding of the Tututepec kingdom, for general readers.