Breakaway Berber republic of Abd el-Krim that defeated Spain before Franco-Spanish suppression.
The Republic of the Rif was dissolved on 27 May 1926 when Abd el-Krim surrendered to French forces after a joint Franco-Spanish force of over 250,000 crushed the republic; Abd el-Krim was exiled to the French island of Réunion.
A recent, accessible illustrated account of Abd el-Krim's Rif republic and its war with Spain.
Broad modern African history for wider colonial context (not Rif-specific).