Guaraní-speaking warrior-farmers of the eastern Andean foothills and Gran Chaco margin of southeastern Bolivia — a fusion of migrant Guaraní and the absorbed Chané — who for nearly four centuries beat back first the Inca, then the Spanish, then independent Bolivia.
Historical Chiriguano political independence ended at the Battle of Kuruyuki on 28 January 1892, when Bolivian government forces crushed the millenarian uprising of Apiaguaiki Tumpa; the people did not vanish, however — their descendants re-asserted a Guaraní identity from the 1970s onward and the Avá Guaraní endure today across Bolivia, Argentina and Paraguay (2001 Bolivian census: 81,011 Guaraní over age 15, mostly Chiriguano).
English-language scholarly history focused specifically on the Chiriguano frontier missions through the Kuruyuki era and after.
Ethnographic study of the Chiriguano/Avá Guaraní people of the Bolivian Andean foothills.