Middle Iron Age farming and cattle-herding culture of southwestern Zimbabwe and the Limpopo valley, marked by early stone construction and cattle wealth; the archaeologically-documented precursor culture between the Gokomere tradition and the rise of the Mapungubwe kingdom (already tracked in canonical from 1075).
Its cattle-and-gold successors at Mapungubwe carried the sequence on toward Great Zimbabwe after ~1220.
Places the Leopard's Kopje/Mapungubwe/Great Zimbabwe sequence in continental context of Iron Age state formation.