The largest of the mountain beklikships of Eastern Bukhara, holding the Hisar valley and the Kofarnihon-Surkhandarya basins; it drifted out of Bukharan control after the collapse of Ashtarkhanid power and acted with the neighbouring beks of Kulab and Baljuan as a de facto independent principality.
Reintegrated into the Emirate of Bukhara by Amir Muzaffar's campaigns of 1869-70, undertaken with Russian backing after the 1868 Russo-Bukharan treaty; the last independent ruler, Ibadullah Bek, ended his life on a Russian pension in Tashkent.
The standard English account of Amir Muzaffar's Russian-backed conquest of Hisar, Kulab and the other Eastern Bukharan beklikships.
Contemporary documentation of the 1869 Bukharan campaign against the beks of Hisar and Kulab and the resulting Kokandi protest to Tashkent.