The fourth and last apartheid Bantustan declared independent, established as the second homeland (alongside Transkei) for the Xhosa people in the southeastern Cape; became a single-party state under Lennox Sebe from 1978.
Government collapsed after a March 1994 police mutiny and the resignation of ruler Oupa Gqozo; reincorporated into South Africa on 27 April 1994 as part of the Eastern Cape.
Focused scholarly volume specifically on Ciskei's political economy as a Bantustan.