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Panama

The isthmus republic, born of a canal.

Continues to the present; the canal fully Panamanian since 31 December 1999.

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Moments from the Chronicle

• 1903 Panama Panama secedes from Colombia (3 November); the US Canal Zone is carved by treaty days later.
• 1914 The canal opens First transit of the Panama Canal, August 1914, as Europe goes to war.
• 1999 Canal handover The Panama Canal becomes fully Panamanian, 31 December.

Further reading

• The Path Between the Seas David McCullough · 1977

  The definitive narrative of the canal whose construction created the Panamanian republic.

• How Wall Street Created a Nation Ovidio Diaz-Espino · 2001

  On the US-backed 1903 secession of Panama from Colombia.

Sources

• Panama — Wikipedia