The Ghaznavid Empire was a Persianate Turkic state centered in Afghanistan that carried Islam into South Asia through Mahmud of Ghazni's famous raids, profoundly shaping the subcontinent's religious geography.
Conquered by the Ghurid dynasty in 1186 CE when Muhammad of Ghor (Mu'izz al-Din), acting under his brother Sultan Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad, besieged Lahore and captured the last Ghaznavid sultan Khusrau-Malik by stratagem; Khusrau-Malik was subsequently executed c. 1191 CE, extinguishing the Ghaznavid lineage and incorporating the remaining Punjab territories into the Ghurid Empire.
The atlas holds 2 border frames for Ghaznavid Empire — the shape you scrub through changes in 977 · 1050.
The foundational scholarly monograph on the Ghaznavid Empire by the leading historian of eastern Islamic dynasties.
A rich narrative of the Khorasan/Transoxiana renaissance under the Samanids and Ghaznavids that gave rise to the first autonomous Iranian dynasties.
The Persian national epic was composed largely under Samanid-era cultural patronage but was actually completed c. 1010, after the Samanid collapse, and formally presented to the Ghaznavid court of Mahmud of Ghazna — so by strict completion date it belongs to the Ghaznavid span (977-1186) rather than the Samanid one (819-999), even though its literary roots are Samanid.