An important ancient polity of the 3rd millennium BCE, known from Mesopotamian cuneiform sources as a significant eastern neighbor of Elam and trading partner or rival of Sumer and Akkad, likely located on the eastern Iranian plateau.
Conquered by the Akkadian Empire in the late 3rd millennium BCE; Akkadian king Rimush recorded victories over Marhashi (Parahshum) east of Elam, and Naram-Sin's campaigns further subjugated the region, ending its independence c. 2250 BCE.
Best modern synthesis on ancient Iranian polities including Marhashi and the eastern plateau.
A reliable, readable introduction to the Bronze Age peoples of Anatolia and the Hittite world, the milieu of the Hattians, Arzawa, Kizzuwatna, and Kaska.