Constitutional monarchy under the Bourbon dynasty (Alfonso XIII from 1886/1902), built on the 1876 constitution and a two-party turno system between Conservatives and Liberals; this atlas record covers only the segment continuing after Spain's 1898 loss of Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines (the 'Disaster of '98'), through Miguel Primo de Rivera's 1923-1930 dictatorship, ending with the monarchy's collapse and Alfonso XIII's departure into exile.
Collapsed after municipal elections on 12 April 1931 produced a landslide for republican/anti-monarchist candidates in major cities; Alfonso XIII left Spain and the Second Republic was proclaimed on 14 April 1931.
The atlas holds 2 border frames for Restoration Spain (1898-1931) — the shape you scrub through changes in 1874 · 1915.
The classic single-volume survey of modern Spanish history spanning the Restoration, Republic, Civil War, and Francoism.