A Late Bronze Age grouping of societies ranging from the Aral Sea to the upper Yenisei and south to the Altai and Tian Shan, succeeding the Andronovo horizon in south Siberia and Central Asia.
Gave way to Iron Age steppe cultures (e.g. early Scythian-related and, later, Tagar horizons) after c. 800 BC.
Survey of early Chinese archaeology; covers the northern-frontier Bronze Age cultures including Karasuk contacts.