Independent cinnamon-trade emporium on the Gulf of Aden (near modern Bosaso, Puntland). Emerged as an independent port after the decline of the older Land of Punt trade network; cited by the Periplus, Pliny the Elder, and Dioscorides as a major spice-trade hub.
Attested continuously through Late Antiquity by Solinus and Stephanus of Byzantium (references persisting to at least the 4th-5th centuries CE); decline undocumented.
Regional context for Horn of Africa Indian Ocean trade networks.