A powerful nomadic confederation centered on the Mongolian Plateau that threatened Han China for centuries, forging the template for later steppe empires.
Fragmented into the Northern and Southern Xiongnu circa 48 CE; the Southern Xiongnu submitted to Han China as vassals, while the Northern Xiongnu were defeated by a Han–Southern Xiongnu coalition and dispersed westward by 91 CE.
The atlas holds 3 border frames for Xiongnu — the shape you scrub through changes in 209 BC · 150 BC · 50 BC.
Provides the best English-language synthesis of Xiongnu within the broader steppe tradition.
Surveys the Xiongnu confederation of the Mongolian Plateau and its centuries of conflict with Han China, framing it as the template for later steppe empires.