Moroccan-established garrison state centered on Timbuktu, founded after the Arma conquest of the Niger Bend shattered the Songhai Empire; ruled the middle Niger river ports before declining into Tuareg tributary status by the late 18th century.
Progressively lost authority to Tuareg confederations from the 1730s-1780s; nominally survived as a rump garrison government until absorbed/superseded amid 19th-century Fulani jihad expansion (Massina/Toucouleur) by 1833.
Broad survey covering the Niger Bend states, the Moroccan conquest of Songhai, and the Pashalik/Arma successor regime.
A vivid, source-based account of medieval West Africa's great empires, Ghana (Wagadou), Mali and Songhai.