The west bank and New Orleans under Spain — refuge for the French habitants of the Illinois.
Secretly retroceded to France in October 1800 (San Ildefonso); sold to the United States in 1803.
Documents Spanish administration of Upper Louisiana, refuge of the French Illinois habitants.
Spanish Louisiana within the borderlands of New Spain (broad context).
An early landmark novel of Creole New Orleans set in 1803-04 at the hinge from Spanish to American rule, drawing directly on the colony's final Spanish years.