Distinctive medieval city-state and merchant republic in northwestern Russia that maintained independence from Kievan Rus' successors until annexation by Muscovite Russia.
Annexed by the Grand Principality of Moscow in 1478 when Ivan III surrounded the city and forced its submission, abolishing the veche assembly and removing the republic bell to Moscow.
The atlas holds 4 border frames for Novgorod Republic — the shape you scrub through changes in 1136 · 1240 · 1290 · 1350.
Background context on the broader Rus political world from which Novgorod emerged as distinct — verified via Open Library.
Standard survey of medieval Rus' and Russia covering the rise of Novgorod and its eventual annexation by Muscovy (era/regional context).