Paleo-Eskimo culture of the High Arctic, occupying Peary Land and the far north of Greenland alongside adjacent Canadian Arctic coasts; distinguished from the contemporary Saqqaq culture of southern/western Greenland by its extreme-cold-adapted mid-passage dwellings, microblade tools, and near-total dependence on muskox hunting.
Disappeared c. 1900-1700 BC for reasons still debated (climatic deterioration is the leading hypothesis); the High Arctic was later reoccupied by the related but distinct Independence II culture from the 8th century BC.
Standard survey of Paleo-Eskimo prehistory across the North American and Greenlandic Arctic, covering Independence I within the broader Arctic Small Tool tradition sequence. Open Library-verified.
Focused archaeological volume on Greenland's Paleo-Eskimo sequence (Independence I, Saqqaq, Independence II) by a leading excavator of the sites. Open Library-verified.