Shona gold empire of the Zambezi plateau, the 'Monomotapa' known to the Portuguese.
The Mutapa Empire, reduced to a Portuguese vassal from 1629, saw its last resistance crushed in 1902 when Portuguese forces killed the claimant Chioko and suppressed the Barue rebellion, ending Mutapa sovereignty.
The atlas holds 2 border frames for Kingdom of Mutapa — the shape you scrub through changes in 1430 · 1511.
Pikirayi's history of the southern Zambezian states covers the rise and fall of the Mutapa gold empire.
Shillington's survey covers Great Zimbabwe and the Shona states of the Zambezi plateau within the wider African past.