Cluster of independent Hausa city-states (Kano, Katsina, Zaria, etc.) absorbed by the Sokoto jihad.
The independent Hausa city-states were collectively conquered during the Fulani jihad of 1804–1812 led by Usman dan Fodio and incorporated as emirates into the Sokoto Caliphate; the Sokoto Caliphate was in turn conquered by the British under Frederick Lugard in 1903.
The atlas holds 3 border frames for Hausa Kingdoms — the shape you scrub through changes in 1400 · 1511 · 1590.
A deep history of Kano, the leading Hausa city-state, and its institutions.
Smaldone's Cambridge study of the jihad and military institutions that built and sustained the Sokoto Caliphate over the Hausa kingdoms.