Lower Nubian pastoralist culture occupying the gap between A-Group and the rise of Kerma's reach.
The C-Group Culture (c. 2400–1550 BCE) in Lower Nubia was progressively absorbed by Egyptian New Kingdom expansion from c. 1550 BCE onward; the distinct C-Group material culture disappears from the archaeological record as Nubian elites acculturated under Egyptian occupation, completing the absorption by the early New Kingdom rather than through a single conquest event.
The current authoritative survey of ancient Nubia, from the A-Group and Kerma through Kush and Meroe.
UNESCO's volume on ancient African civilizations, covering Lower Nubian cultures (broad context).
Authoritative survey of Nubian cultures including A-Group; fills gap between Welsby (Kush-focused) and UNESCO volume