Western Numidian Berber kingdom of Syphax, rival of the eastern Massylii in the Punic Wars era.
King Syphax of the Masaesyli was defeated at the Battle of Cirta in 203 BC by Scipio Africanus and Masinissa, then taken prisoner to Rome where he died c. 202 BC; his western Numidian kingdom was absorbed into Masinissa's unified Numidian state.
Broad survey covering the Numidian Berber kingdoms of North Africa.
Archaeological survey of North African antiquity including Numidian kingdoms; brings record from 1 to 3 sources
Primary source — Sallust's Jugurthine War (Bellum Jugurthinum) directly describes Numidian tribal confederations including Masaesyli background and the Jugurthine succession disputes