Saharan Berber civilization of the Fezzan sustained by foggara irrigation and trans-Saharan trade.
The Garamantian state gradually declined from the 5th century AD as their foggara irrigation system failed amid aquifer depletion; Arab commander Uqba ibn Nafi raided the Fezzan heartland including the capital Germa in 666–667 CE, imposing tribute on the Garamantian king; the kingdom had effectively collapsed by c. 700 AD.
UNESCO's volume on ancient African civilizations, covering Saharan Berber societies like the Garamantes (broad context).
Discusses Saharan trade societies of the desert within a continent-wide history (broad context).