The northwestern successor state of the Mongol Empire, ruling the Pontic-Caspian steppe and imposing Mongol suzerainty over Russian principalities for over two centuries.
Gradually fragmented during the 15th century into successor khanates (Kazan, Astrakhan, Crimea, Siberian, and Kazakh khanates); the Great Horde, the last successor claiming the Golden Horde legacy, was destroyed by the Crimean Khanate in 1502 CE when the Crimeans sacked New Sarai and the Horde collapsed.
The atlas holds 3 border frames for Golden Horde — the shape you scrub through changes in 1225 · 1386 · 1496.
Standard English-language account of the Golden Horde and its relationship with the Russian principalities.
Classic overview situating the Golden Horde within the steppe empire succession.