Largest of the West African empires under Sunni Ali and Askia Muhammad, ruled from Gao.
Shattered by the Moroccan Saadi invasion at the Battle of Tondibi on 13 March 1591, when Judar Pasha's arquebus-armed force routed the Songhai army and occupied Gao, Timbuktu and Djenne; a rump state survived in Dendi.
The atlas holds 2 border frames for Songhai Empire — the shape you scrub through changes in 1464 · 1511.
A focused survey including the Songhay Empire of Gao under Sunni Ali and Askia Muhammad.
Broad continental history setting Songhai in the wider Sahelian world.